Estudo da detecção de Salmonella spp. em alimentos comercializados na cidade de Fortaleza-CE através de método molecular (qPCR) e método convencional

Salmonellosis is one of the most common diseases in the world, transmitted by food contaminated with different serotypes of Salmonella spp., which threaten food safety and public health. In many countries the Enteritides and Thyphtmurium sovars are the most common, occurring mainly in eggs, chicken and meat. Food can be contaminated with this microorganism throughout the entire production chain, during the transport, processing, storage, distribution and distribution stages. Currently, there are several methodologies for detecting Salmonella spp., including conventional isolation, rapid tests and rapid molecular methodologies. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or real-time PCR method is a promising tool in studies that aim to quantify the population of microorganisms associated with food and has the advantage of detecting microorganisms even in small concentrations in the sample. In this research, 182 food samples of animal and vegetable origin, sold in the city of Fortaleza-CE, were subjected to an analysis to detect Salmonella spp. compare two different methodologies used to detect these microorganisms (conventional isolation technique - ISO 6579 and real-time PCR (Gene UP Platform). Of the samples tested, Salmonella spp. were detected in 38 samples using real-time PCR (Gene up ) and in 22 samples using the conventional isolation technique - ISO 6579, representing detection percentages of 20% and 12%, respectively. The difference of 8% positivity between the methods is justified by the qPCR technique being a method that detects in molecular level of microbial DNA, presenting high sensitivity, specificity, precision and speed. While the traditional conventional isolation test detects the microorganism at cultivable levels, that is, one that is capable of developing in food. It was found that the molecular method used is a promising tool for diagnosing pathogens in food and can optimize assay response times in laboratories.A Salmonelose é uma das doenças mais comuns no mundo, transmitida por alimentos contaminados com diversos sorotipos de Salmonella spp., que ameaçam a segurança alimentar e a saúde pública. Em muitos países as soravares Enteritides e Thyphtmurium são as mais comuns, encontradas principalmente em ovos, frangos e carne bovina. Os alimentos podem ser contaminados com esse microrganismo ao longo de toda cadeia produtiva, durante as etapas de manuseio, processamento, armazenamento, distribuição e comercialização. Atualmente, existem diversas metodologias para detecção de Salmonella spp., incluindo o isolamento convencional, testes rápidos e as metodologias moleculares rápidas. O método de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase quantitativo (qPCR) ou PCR em tempo real trata-se de uma ferramenta promissora em estudos que visam quantificar populações de microrganismos associadas a alimentos e apresenta a vantagem de detectar microrganismos mesmo em pequenas concentrações na amostra. Nesta pesquisa, 182 amostras de alimentos de origem animal e vegetal, comercializadas na cidade de Fortaleza- Ce, foram submetidas a análise de detecção de Salmonella spp. visando avaliar duas metodologias diferentes empregadas na detecção desse microrganismos (técnica de isolamento convencional- ISO 6579 e o PCR em tempo real - Plataforma Gene UP). Das amostras analisadas, foram detectadas Salmonella spp. em 38 amostras utilizando o PCR em tempo real (Gene up) e em 22 amostras utilizando a técnica de isolamento convencional - ISO 6579, representando percentuais de detecção de 20% e 12%, respectivamente.  A diferença de 8% de positividade entre os métodos se justifica pela técnica de qPCR ser um método que detecta em nível molecular o DNA microbiano, apresentando alta sensibilidade, especificidade, precisão e rapidez. Enquanto o teste tradicional de isolamento convencional detecta o microrganismo em níveis cultiváveis, ou seja, aquele que está apto ao desenvolvimento no alimento. Foi constatado que o método molecular utilizado é uma ferramenta promissora para o diagnóstico de patógenos em alimentos e pode otimizar o tempo de respostas dos ensaios nos laboratórios

DETECÇÃO MOLECULAR DE ESCHERICHIA COLI PRODUTORA DE TOXINA DE SHIGA EM ALIMENTOS

Culture-independent methods are proposed as a tool for detecting pathogenic microorganisms in food. Escherichia coli strains that produce Shiga Toxin lead to diseases such as bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome by causing damage to the intestine and releasing the toxin into the body. Serological differentiation methods investigate the cell wall antigens, characteristic of each group of E. coli, however they are not efficient when it comes to a more accurate investigation of associated virulence factors. Thus, molecular methods are based on the search for specific genes related to the mechanisms of invasion and damage to the epithelium, as they are protein complexes. The present study was designed with the objective of carrying out a brief literature review about molecular methods as a detection tool for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The methodology used dealt with a systematic review in the following databases Web of Science, Science Direct and PUBMED.Métodos independentes de cultura são propostos como uma ferramenta para detectar microrganismos patogênicos em alimentos. As cepas de Escherichia coli que produzem a toxina Shiga levam a doenças como diarreia sanguinolenta e síndrome urêmica hemolítica, causando danos ao intestino e liberando a toxina no corpo. Os métodos de diferenciação sorológica investigam os antígenos da parede celular, característicos de cada grupo de E. coli, porém não são eficientes quando se trata de uma investigação mais precisa dos fatores de virulência associados. Assim, os métodos moleculares se baseiam na busca de genes específicos relacionados aos mecanismos de invasão e dano ao epitélio, pois são complexos proteicos. O presente estudo foi desenhado com o objetivo de realizar uma breve revisão da literatura sobre os métodos moleculares como ferramenta de detecção de Escherichia coli produtora da toxina Shiga. A metodologia utilizada tratou de uma revisão sistemática nas seguintes bases de dados Web of Science, Science Direct e PUBMED

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Desafios contemporâneos da educação

Se historicamente a educação escolar no Brasil foi marcada por um profundo corte elitista, o processo de democratização do ensino apresentou incontestáveis avanços desde a Constituição de 1988. A caminhada pela universalização, no entanto, não se deu à margem de suas heranças históricas, bem como novas fronteiras surgiram para o desafio da educação emancipatória. Esta obra reúne 17 ensaios que debatem os dilemas existentes no cotidiano da sala de aula. Divididos em três partes - " Educação, culturas realidade social", "Políticas educacionais" e "A escola" -, os textos coligidos abordam temas variados relacionados à prática escolar, como cidadania, políticas afirmativas e gestão administrativa, e compõem um cenário contemporâneo dos principais desafios colocados para a educação de nosso tempo

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data