Gender Differential in the Association of Body Mass Index and Abdominal Obesity with Prehypertension and Hypertension in Iranian Adults

*Objective:* The aim of this study was to determine the gender differential in the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity with blood pressure (BP) and prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and prehypertension (Pre-HTN) among the adult population of Iran.

*Design:* A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2004 to February 2005. The selection was conducted by stratified probability cluster sampling through household family members in Iran.

*Subjects and Measurements:* Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and systolic and diastolic BP of 45,082 men and 44,322 women aged 15-65 (mean 39.2) were measured. 

*Results:* The prevalence of HTN was 25.2% in men and 24.8% in women; and 50.1% of men and 39.1% of women were pre-hypertensive. WC and BMI were strongly associated with BP in both genders. Multivariate analysis revealed that both WC and BMI had the stronger association with HTN and Pre-HTN in men than women. Compared to men and women with normal weight, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) of HTN was 5.75 (5.13, 6.44) for men and 4.29 (3.95, 4.66) for women with BMI ≥ 30. The multivariate OR of prevalence HTN in men with abdominal obesity compared with men without was 3.76 (3.41, 4.22) and in women, 2.92 (2.73, 3.13).

*Conclusion:* These data indicate that both BMI and WC had the stronger association with HTN and Pre-HTN in men than women. 
&#xa

Comparative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine and Bupivacaine Combination versus Bupivacaine Alone On the Analgesic Effect of Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Inguinal Herniorrhaphy

Introduction: Elective inguinal herniorrhaphy is one of the most prevalent surgical procedures in pediatric age group. |Postoperative pain is prevalent in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. This study was aimed to compare the analgesic effect of dexmedetomidine with bupivacaine combination versus bupivacaine alone for ilioinguinal nerve block in children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy.Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized study, we studied 60 ASA class I and II patients with the age between 6 months to 6 years scheduled for unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. With the help of a computer-generated list, our patients were assigned randomly to two groups of 30 patients. Group A, received 5cc bupivacaine 0.25%, and group B received 5cc bupivacaine 0.25% with dexmedetomidine 0.3 μg/ kg. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The t-student and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the variables between groups. The values were considered significant if P < 0.05.Results: There was no significant difference in blood pressure (systolic or diastolic) and heart rate between the two groups (P=0.624, P=0.784 and P=0.167, respectively).  Analgesia duration was significantly longer in bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine group in comparison to bupivacaine alone group (P=0.008). However, there were no significant difference in frequency of analgesic consumption (P = 0.175) and total dose of analgesic consumption (P = 0.634) in the first 24 h between the two groups. One patient in group B developed bradycardia.Conclusion: The use of dexmedetomidine, as an adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the length and the analgesic efficacy of the ilioinguinal nerve block after inguinal herniorrhaphy in pediatric age group

Efficiency Measurement of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators against Ultrafine Particles under Cyclic and Constant Flows

Detrimental impacts associated with inhalation of ultrafine particles (UFPs) (diameter of particle, Dp <100 nm), on various respiratory organs, can be controlled by means of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), widely used by industrial and healthcare workers. In this regard, investigation of N95 FFRs efficiency, against UFPs, under cyclic flow, in addition with constant flow, is very necessary, since cyclic flow represents actual breathing pattern. The first objective of the thesis was to report the development of a procedure to investigate the individual impact of breathing frequency and flow rate on the performance of N95 FFRs. Experiments were performed for two peak inhalation flows (PIFs) (135 and 360 L/min) and two breathing frequencies (24 and 42 breaths per minute (BPM)) for a total of four cyclic flows. The results showed that, for the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) range, an increase in both PIF and breathing frequency could potentially enhance the penetration; however the effect of PIF was observed to be much more pronounced than frequency. Therefore, from low to high respiratory efforts, a huge portion of penetration enhancement was due to the PIF variations and only a small portion was contributed by the frequency variations. With the second objective of the thesis, the penetrations measured with the cyclic flows (with mean inhalation flows (MIFs) ranging from 42 to 360 L/min) were compared with those measured with the constant flows equal to the cyclic flow minute volume, mean inhalation flow (MIF) and peak inhalation flow (PIF). The results indicated that, for the MPPS, constant flows equal to the cyclic flow minute volume and PIF significantly underestimated and overestimated the penetration of cyclic flows, respectively. Constant flows equal to the MIFs of cyclic flows, however, resulted in closer penetrations compared to the cyclic flows. At higher flow rates, of course, the maximum penetrations under constant flow exceeded the maximum penetrations under cyclic flow (MIF). With the third objective of the thesis, the impact of particle loading on the penetration was tested. Investigations were performed with a cyclic flow (with equivalent MIF of 170 L/min) and two constant flow rates (85 L/min and 170 L/min) for a period of 6-hour loading time. The results indicated that, for small particles (usually less than 100 nm), the particle loading effect lead to decrease in the penetration with the loading time. The MPPS was also found to shift towards larger sizes, as the respirators were loaded with more particles. For the final stage of loading, unlike the initial stage, the penetration of a large range of particles under cyclic flow was significantly higher than the penetrations under constant flow (equal to cyclic flow MIF)

COVID-19 in pediatric patients: A case series

The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has affected the global health system with an urgent need for more sophisticated studies. One of the prominent aspects of COVID-19 is the picture of the disease in pediatric population. Our case series study includes 4 Babyboy patients in a referral children's hospital with different clinical outcomes

Examining the authority and authority of judges in terms of independence, science and ijtihad in jurisprudence and law

One of the reasons that makes the position of the judiciary valuable is the issue of the implementation of Islamic justice, which we can only achieve by having fair judges with the condition of judicial independence; And this issue is one of the important goals of this research and is of special importance in the current era; And it doubles the need for our attention and research. According to the subject of the research, the method of collecting materials is documentary and library method in such a way that first the desired sources are studied and where necessary, research is done on the material. The research method is descriptive-analytical. First, the required resources are selected from electronic libraries, articles and dissertations, and after studying and separating the required material, based on the inductive method, analytical and necessary filing of the required resources is completed and compiled. This research tries to answer the question: what is the jurisprudential and legal study of the independence, science and ijtihad of judges? And what are the legal jurisprudential bases of judges' independence? What we have reached about the nature of the judge's knowledge in this study is that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislative point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE typically The science is the result of judicial research. Also, the results of the research showed that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislator's point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE is typically knowledgeable as a result of judicial investigation. In the current laws and procedures of the judiciary, the mujtahid of a judge is not considered a necessary condition for holding the position of judge

Examining the authority and authority of judges in terms of independence, science and ijtihad in jurisprudence and law

One of the reasons that makes the position of the judiciary valuable is the issue of the implementation of Islamic justice, which we can only achieve by having fair judges with the condition of judicial independence; And this issue is one of the important goals of this research and is of special importance in the current era; And it doubles the need for our attention and research. According to the subject of the research, the method of collecting materials is documentary and library method in such a way that first the desired sources are studied and where necessary, research is done on the material. The research method is descriptive-analytical. First, the required resources are selected from electronic libraries, articles and dissertations, and after studying and separating the required material, based on the inductive method, analytical and necessary filing of the required resources is completed and compiled. This research tries to answer the question: what is the jurisprudential and legal study of the independence, science and ijtihad of judges? And what are the legal jurisprudential bases of judges' independence? What we have reached about the nature of the judge's knowledge in this study is that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislative point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE typically The science is the result of judicial research. Also, the results of the research showed that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislator's point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE is typically knowledgeable as a result of judicial investigation. In the current laws and procedures of the judiciary, the mujtahid of a judge is not considered a necessary condition for holding the position of judge

Optimization of the Allowable Speed on Iran’s Freeways to Reduce Violations and Accidents, Using Zero-Truncated Poisson Regression Model

Countries from all over the world including Iran, consider different maximum allowable speeds to control and maintain traffic safety on their freeways, but these actions have not been successful even with the police surveillance. Even though speeding is not the only cause of accidents, past studies indicate that speed plays a vital role in such events. Since respecting the speed limits have not prevented driving violations and traffic accidents, there’s doubt among decision-makers, about the applicability and safety of these legal speed limits in different weather and traffic conditions. They think perhaps there is a need for an optimized and safe speed after doing required studies. Even in the police instructions and notifications in unfavorable weather conditions, the word “safe speed” is used more than the “legal speed” and its limit is not mentioned and its determination is assigned to drivers according to their mental and physical conditions, type of vehicle, and the weather condition. This matter leads to uncertainty for drivers in selecting the right speed.This research is intended to achieve a safe and optimized speed for freeways in Iran, by considering a reasonable adjustment which is acceptable by the drivers so that a substantial decrease in driving violations and accidents could be observed. This work is done by using models developed for predicting violations and accidents on Iran’s freeways. The results indicate that by reducing the allowable speed of freeways from 125km/h to 105km/h, a 48% and 23% reduction of violations and traffic accidents could be achieved

Examining the authority and authority of judges in terms of independence, science and ijtihad in jurisprudence and law

One of the reasons that makes the position of the judiciary valuable is the issue of the implementation of Islamic justice, which we can only achieve by having fair judges with the condition of judicial independence; And this issue is one of the important goals of this research and is of special importance in the current era; And it doubles the need for our attention and research. According to the subject of the research, the method of collecting materials is documentary and library method in such a way that first the desired sources are studied and where necessary, research is done on the material. The research method is descriptive-analytical. First, the required resources are selected from electronic libraries, articles and dissertations, and after studying and separating the required material, based on the inductive method, analytical and necessary filing of the required resources is completed and compiled. This research tries to answer the question: what is the jurisprudential and legal study of the independence, science and ijtihad of judges? And what are the legal jurisprudential bases of judges' independence? What we have reached about the nature of the judge's knowledge in this study is that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislative point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE typically The science is the result of judicial research. Also, the results of the research showed that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislator's point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE is typically knowledgeable as a result of judicial investigation. In the current laws and procedures of the judiciary, the mujtahid of a judge is not considered a necessary condition for holding the position of judge