Pre-Hire Factors and Workplace Ethnic Segregation

In addition to neighbourhoods of residence, family and places of work play important roles in producing and reproducing ethnic segregation. Therefore, recent research on ethnic segregation and contact is increasingly turning its attention from residential areas towards other important domains of daily interethnic contact. The key innovation of this paper is to clarify the role of immigrants' pre-hire exposure to natives in the residence, workplace and family domains in immigrant exposure to natives in their current workplace. The study is based on Swedish population register data. The results show that at the macro level, workplace neighbourhood segregation is lower than residential neighbourhood segregation. Our micro-level analysis further shows that high levels of residential exposure of immigrants to natives help to reduce ethnic segregation at the level of workplace establishments as well.neighbourhood effects, residential segregation, workplace segregation, intermarriage, longitudinal analysis, Sweden

Relations between residential and workplace segregation among newly arrived immigrant men and women

The research leading to these results has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT2-17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); the Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 8774 and 9247); the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects); and the Marie Curie Programme under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant n. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood choice, neighbourhood sorting, and neighbourhood effects).Contemporary cities are becoming more and more diverse in population as a result of immigration. Research shows that while residential neighborhoods are becoming ethnically more diverse within cities, residential segregation from natives has overall remained persistently high. High levels of segregation are often seen as negative, preventing the integration of immigrants into their host society and having a negative impact on people's lives. Where as most studies of segregation deal with residential neighborhoods, this paper investigates segregation at workplaces for newly arrived immigrant men and women from the Global South to Sweden. By using the domain approach, we focus on the relationship between workplace segregation, residential segregation, and the ethnic composition of households. Using longitudinal register data from Sweden, we find that residential segregation is much weaker related to workplace segregation than revealed by studies using cross-sectional data. Furthermore, the residential context is not an important factor in explaining workplace segregation for immigrant men. The most important factors shaping workplace segregation pertain to economic sector and city size.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Effects of fertilization on soil CH4 and N2O fluxes in young Norway spruce stands

Climate change mitigation strategies have increased the demand for wood products, resulting in an urgent need to increase wood production. One approach is to fertilize forest land, but this can influence greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes within the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of forest N fertilization on soil CH4 and N2O fluxes in young Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in southern Sweden. The gas fluxes were measured using flow-through non-steady-state dark chambers. In the first, long-term, experiment, half of the stand was fertilized twice (once in 2014 and once in 2016) with 150 kg ha(-1) of N, and gas flux measurements were taken throughout 2014-2017. In the second, dose, experiment, 0, 150, 300, or 450 kg ha(-1) of N was added to the stand in April 2016, and gas flux measurements were taken during April-December 2016. The dose experiment showed that the sink strength of CH4 decreased with increasing amounts of N; the long-term experiment indicated that repeated fertilization decreased the CH4 sink strength over time. Additionally, the long-term experiment indicated that, while significantly higher N2O emissions were recorded in the fertilization years, this was not detected in subsequent years, suggesting the effect to be short-lived. In the dose experiment, fertilization tended to increase the N2O emissions relative to the amount of fertilizer. However, despite the significant effects of fertilization on these GHGs, the summed fluxes were a fraction of the net uptake of C at the sites, as recorded in another study. These findings suggest that fertilizing forest land with commercial NP or NPK fertilizers corresponding to 150 kg ha(-1) of N, the level used in operational forestry in Sweden today, can be conducted without changing CH4 and N2O fluxes to any great extent

Расчет количества отключений потребителя АПК при наличии пунктов автоматического секционирования

Utveckling av metoder att förutsäga och följa upp trafiklösningars betydelse för luftföroreningsexponering och hälsoriske

Spatial diffusion of telemedicine in Sweden

“Telemedicine” denotes medicine at a distance using telecommunications and information technologies. The aim of the thesis is to reveal determinants and outcomes of telemedicine diffusion—that is, the spread of telemedicine in time and space. Telemedicine is examined both at the national level and in a regional case study. At the national level, quantitative methodology is utilized to analyze the emergence of health care facilities using telemedicine to receive medical assistance. The regional case study examines the diffusion and outcomes of telemedicine networks in Northern Sweden based on non-quantitative data sources. The first telemedicine applications in Sweden emerged between hospitals in southern Sweden in the 1970s. It was in the 1990s, however, that the practice of telemedicine took off on a larger scale. By the year 2000, the number of remote sites was quite evenly distributed across the country and between specialist and primary care facilities. In northern Sweden, telemedicine was first implemented in the mid-1980s, and is now carried out in all counties in the region. The telemedicine networks in northern Sweden primarily concern teleradiology, general telemedicine, and telepathology. Commonly, telemedicine is carried out within counties in hierarchical hub and spoke-type networks connecting specialist and primary care facilities. The study shows that existing telemedicine facilitates its further diffusion at the regional level, but shows a lack of the obvious neighborhood effect that could be expected in light of many previous diffusion studies and geographical diffusion theory. The health care system in Sweden is characterized by a high degree of regional autonomy. Contacts between medical staff, and thus dissemination of information and opinions concerning telemedicine, are therefore likely to be more prevalent within than between the regional health care organizations. The health care organizations are also decision-making bodies with different telemedicine policies. In addition, already implemented telemedicine programs tend to expand within the health care organization in which they originated. Although no traditional neighborhood effect to speak of can be noticed in Swedish telemedicine diffusion, distance matters in the diffusion process in a quite different respect. The study shows that health care facilities located far from more specialized care are especially likely to adopt telemedicine. Another local factor, facility size, is also positively correlated with telemedicine diffusion. This correlation between facility size and telemedicine adoption, as well as the circumstance that the diffusion process started with, and has progressed the furthest in, specialist care, suggest that the diffusion of telemedicine exhibits hierarchical characteristics. The development of telemedicine technology significantly influences the rate of telemedicine diffusion. In a simulation of the diffusion process, it is shown that—given that computers and information technology continue to develop according to the present trend—there will be a significant increase in the number of primary care facilities functioning as remote telemedicine sites during the first decade of the 21st century.digitalisering@um

Some PDAE aspects of the numerical simulation of a CO2 heat pump

We consider network modelling and numerical simulation of a simple CO2 heat pump consisting of a compressor, a valve and two heat exchangers. In a first step we investigate analytical and numerical properties of the heat exchanger model. The heat exchanger model is derived from the Euler equations under the assumption that the velocity of the refridgerant flow is small compared to the local speed of sound. While the Euler equations form a hyperbolic system, the character of the new system, called The zero Mach number limit of the Euler equations, is unclear. The lack of a time derivative in the momentum equation makes the heat exchanger model by itself a PDAE system. We analyse a frozen-coefficient linearisation of the heat exchanger model by transformation to a canonical form. The canonical form reveales that the system is equivalent to a hyperbolic equation and a parabolic block. The parabolic block is equivalent to a parabolic equation and an algebraic-differential relation, similar to the system that results when the heat equation ut = uxx + f is written as a first order system. We prove a stability estimate suggesting that the solution is more sensitive to perturbations, especially in time-dependent boundary conditions, than is indicated by previous results. Furthermore, we consider semidiscretisation of the linearised heat exchanger model. In a method of lines approach using collocation at the gridpoints, we suggest that it is possible to use a simple first order difference scheme taking into account the direction of the flow and the boundary conditions. We show that using this difference scheme, the solution to the semidiscrete equations satisfies a discrete analogue to the stability estimate in the continuous case. The results of the linear analysis is verified in numerical experiments with the nonlinear heat exchanger model.QC 2010112

Spatial diffusion of telemedicine in Sweden

“Telemedicine” denotes medicine at a distance using telecommunications and information technologies. The aim of the thesis is to reveal determinants and outcomes of telemedicine diffusion—that is, the spread of telemedicine in time and space. Telemedicine is examined both at the national level and in a regional case study. At the national level, quantitative methodology is utilized to analyze the emergence of health care facilities using telemedicine to receive medical assistance. The regional case study examines the diffusion and outcomes of telemedicine networks in Northern Sweden based on non-quantitative data sources. The first telemedicine applications in Sweden emerged between hospitals in southern Sweden in the 1970s. It was in the 1990s, however, that the practice of telemedicine took off on a larger scale. By the year 2000, the number of remote sites was quite evenly distributed across the country and between specialist and primary care facilities. In northern Sweden, telemedicine was first implemented in the mid-1980s, and is now carried out in all counties in the region. The telemedicine networks in northern Sweden primarily concern teleradiology, general telemedicine, and telepathology. Commonly, telemedicine is carried out within counties in hierarchical hub and spoke-type networks connecting specialist and primary care facilities. The study shows that existing telemedicine facilitates its further diffusion at the regional level, but shows a lack of the obvious neighborhood effect that could be expected in light of many previous diffusion studies and geographical diffusion theory. The health care system in Sweden is characterized by a high degree of regional autonomy. Contacts between medical staff, and thus dissemination of information and opinions concerning telemedicine, are therefore likely to be more prevalent within than between the regional health care organizations. The health care organizations are also decision-making bodies with different telemedicine policies. In addition, already implemented telemedicine programs tend to expand within the health care organization in which they originated. Although no traditional neighborhood effect to speak of can be noticed in Swedish telemedicine diffusion, distance matters in the diffusion process in a quite different respect. The study shows that health care facilities located far from more specialized care are especially likely to adopt telemedicine. Another local factor, facility size, is also positively correlated with telemedicine diffusion. This correlation between facility size and telemedicine adoption, as well as the circumstance that the diffusion process started with, and has progressed the furthest in, specialist care, suggest that the diffusion of telemedicine exhibits hierarchical characteristics. The development of telemedicine technology significantly influences the rate of telemedicine diffusion. In a simulation of the diffusion process, it is shown that—given that computers and information technology continue to develop according to the present trend—there will be a significant increase in the number of primary care facilities functioning as remote telemedicine sites during the first decade of the 21st century.digitalisering@um

Shrinking regions au Nord de l'Europe : Le cas de l'Upper Norrland

In the 20th century, urbanization and suburbanization have depopulated sparsely populated areas in Sweden. In the south, these processes are largely hidden by the growth of the centre when observed at the municipality level. In Northern Sweden, however, many sparsely populated municipalities have experienced a substantial overall population decline in recent decades. The main cause for the population loss is negative net migration. Young adults are overrepresented among the outmigrants, resulting in an aging population. This, in turn, has local economic implications, especially in light of a shrinking local tax base. The main long-term development problem for shrinking regions in Sweden is shortage of professional labor equipped for emerging tasks and sectors. The shortage of young professionals is intimately connected to the absence of a diversified local labor market for specialists giving both partners in such a couple suitable jobs concurrently. Short-and medium-term consequences for those staying in the shrinking regions should however be remedied generously. This is still a minority problem so it's relative cheap to support the victims of the prospering urban economy

Statistik i geografi : Slutrapport av pedagogiskt projekt

Statistik ingår som ett viktigt hjälpämne i andra akademiska ämnen som använder kvantitativa data, till exempel kulturgeografi. Kulturgeografi har vidare betydande inslag av användning av Geografiska informationssystem (GIS), där det finns stora beröringsytor med statistik. En integrering av områdena geografi och statistik kan således ge studenterna stort mervärde. Det innebär ofta en pedagogisk utmaning att förmedla statistisk kunskap till studenter som i huvudsak har sin bakgrund inom ämnen som innehåller lite kontakt med statistiska tankegångar. Detta projekts huvudsyfte har varit att utveckla en pedagogisk ansats som är lämplig i denna situation. Projektet har i första hand genomförts inom ramen för en kurs på avancerad nivå, där statistik och geografi integrerats och lärts ut med en casebaserad ansats