Assessment of the performance of a special User Datagram Protocol: Identifying Packet Loss and Reordering Packets in Keyed UDP Transmissions

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and other similar protocols send application data from the source to the destination machine inside datagrams, without any type of control on the transmission or success metrics. These protocols are very convenient for real time transmission as the absence of complex control mechanisms tend to make the data transmission adequately fast. In opposition, to sustain the increased functionality and features of the connection-oriented protocol, a set of mechanisms is implemented based on some specific fields of the segment header. These mechanisms result in a significant overhead in terms of the increased number of transmitted packets, which in turn may translate into significant delays, because of the additional number of switching and routing tasks, and eventually, because of more complex communications procedures, such as e.g. transmission window resizing, and of course, acknowledgement and sequence numbers updating. The two extremes of these communication modalities, one that has no control at all, and the other one that allows for full control, have resulted in the creation of an intermediate protocol that allows for a limited degree of knowledge on how successful a transmission was, and even for an eventual reordering of the packets that arrive out of sequence. This dissertation presents simulation results that confirm the efficiency of the new almost-reliable UDP protocol, named Keyed User Datagram Protocol (or KUDP) for transmission of data that includes the ability to identify which packets were lost and to reorder packets that were received out-of-order, and points future tasks to be pursued in this research.O User Datagram Protocol (UDP) e outros protocolos semelhantes enviam dados de aplicativos da máquina de origem para a máquina de destino dentro de datagramas ou pacotes, sem qualquer controle sobre a transmissão ou métricas de sucesso. Esses protocolos são muito convenientes para transmissão em tempo real porque a inexistência de mecanismos complexos de confirmação torna a transmissão de dados muito rápida. Em oposição, para suportar a funcionalidade e os recursos aprimorados de um protocolo orientado à conexão, um conjunto de mecanismos é implementado com base em alguns campos específicos do cabeçalho da unidade protocolar de dados. Esses mecanismos resultam numa sobrecarga significativa em termos de aumento do número de pacotes transmitidos, e isso pode traduzir-se em atrasos significativos, devido ao número adicional de tarefas de comutação, roteamento e, eventualmente, devido a procedimentos de comunicação mais complexos, como por exemplo, redimensionar a janela de transmissão, e claro, atualizar os números de confirmação e a sequência. Os dois extremos dessas modalidades de comunicação, um que não tem controle e outro que permite controle total, resultaram na criação de um protocolo intermediário que permite um grau limitado de conhecimento sobre o sucesso de uma transmissão, e até mesmo para uma eventual reordenação de pacotes que chegam fora de sequência. Esta dissertação apresenta resultados de simulação que confirmam a eficiência do novo protocolo UDP quase confiável, chamado Keyed User Datagram Protocol (ou KUDP) para transmissão de dados que inclui a capacidade de identificar quais pacotes foram perdidos e reordenar os pacotes que foram recebidos na ordem errada apontando tarefas futuras a serem desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa

estudos artísticos

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Orthodontics social media, perceptions of science- and non-science-based posts among orthodontists, dentists, students and laypeople.

Worldwide, social media is gaining popularity year after year. In Brazil, by 2027, there will be more than 188 million users of social media sites, against 165 million in 2022, therefore, the usage of general population and health care professionals, including orthodontists, is increasing. Differently from scientific journals that undergo a rigorous peer review process prior to publication, the same level of demand is not found on social media. Hence, this study aimed to assess whether orthodontists can recognize scientifically based and non-science-based posts and if their perceptions are different from general opinion (laypeople), dentistry students, and dentists (non-orthodontists). The posts were created using the search tool on Instagram with the hashtags #clearaligners #acceledent #selfligatingbraces and #propelorthodontics, four scientific based posts and four without or with low scientific evidence were selected and evaluated through a virtual questionnaire in the QUALTRICS platform by 385 people, (175 laypeople, 102 dentists, 58 dentistry students, and 50 orthodontists) using a visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, four questions were asked. ANOVA (Adjusted Bonferroni correction) and Pearson's chi-squared, and Student T tests were applied to identify statistical differences. Significant difference was found only for posts with no scientific evidence between orthodontist's group when comparing with laypeople (p < 0.001) for the #selfligatingbraces, and the #propelorthodontics for the group orthodontists when compared with laypeople (p = 0.031) and dentists (p = 0.033). Instagram was the favorite social media where most of the participants spend more than 3 h. Of the participants, 97% used social media to keep informed and read the news. Almost half of the respondents search for orthodontics services on social media. Orthodontists were able to perceive differences in only two posts from the general perception (laypeople) regarding non- or low-scientific-evidence posts

NTAL is associated with treatment outcome, cell proliferation and differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia

Abstract Non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) is a lipid raft-membrane protein expressed by normal and leukemic cells and involved in cell signaling. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), NTAL depletion from lipid rafts decreases cell viability through regulation of the Akt/PI3K pathway. The role of NTAL in APL cell processes, and its association with clinical outcome, has not, however, been established. Here, we show that reduced levels of NTAL were associated with increased all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, NTAL-knockdown (NTAL-KD) in APL cell lines led to activation of Ras, inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathways, and increased expression of autophagy markers, leading to an increased apoptosis rate following arsenic trioxide treatment. Furthermore, NTAL-KD in NB4 cells decreased the tumor burden in (NOD scid gamma) NSG mice, suggesting its implication in tumor growth. A retrospective analysis of NTAL expression in a cohort of patients treated with ATRA and anthracyclines, revealed that NTAL overexpression was associated with a high leukocyte count (P = 0.007) and was independently associated with shorter overall survival (Hazard Ratio: 3.6; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.17–11.28; P = 0.026). Taken together, our data highlights the importance of NTAL in APL cell survival and response to treatment