triz analysis for solving problem in the production of aluminium food containers

On a daily basis, the concrete problems with researching solutions deal with the psychological inertia, the tendency to think and follow the same known mental schemes. The current work shows how the TRIZ can develop new and effective project solutions thanks to the examination of different prospective and points of view. In particular, the authors want to retrieve the analysis and the solutions for an anomaly found in an industry that designs and builds moulds and equipment for the production of aluminum food containers

Experimental results of crystal-assisted slow extraction at the SPS

The possibility of extracting highly energetic particles from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) by means of silicon bent crystals has been explored since the 1990's. The channelling effect of a bent crystal can be used to strongly deflect primary protons and eject them from the synchrotron. Many studies and experiments have been carried out to investigate crystal channelling effects. The extraction of 120 and 270 GeV proton beams has already been demonstrated in the SPS with dedicated experiments located in the ring. Presently in the SPS, the UA9 experiment is performing studies to evaluate the possibility to use bent silicon crystals to steer particle beams in high energy accelerators. Recent studies on the feasibility of extraction from the SPS have been made using the UA9 infrastructure with a longer-term view of using crystals to help mitigate slow extraction induced activation of the SPS. In this paper, the possibility to eject particles into the extraction channel in LSS2 using the bent crystals already installed in the SPS is presented. Details of the concept, simulations and measurements carried out with beam are presented, before the outlook for the future is discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures, submitted to to International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC) 2017 in Copenhagen, Denmar

Commissioning and operation of the Cherenkov detector for proton Flux Measurement of the UA9 Experiment

The UA9 Experiment at CERN-SPS investigates channeling processes in bent silicon crystals with the aim to manipulate hadron beams. Monitoring and characterization of channeled beams in the high energy accelerators environment ideally requires in-vacuum and radiation hard detectors. For this purpose the Cherenkov detector for proton Flux Measurement (CpFM) was designed and developed. It is based on thin fused silica bars in the beam pipe vacuum which intercept charged particles and generate Cherenkov light. The first version of the CpFM is installed since 2015 in the crystal-assisted collimation setup of the UA9 experiment. In this paper the procedures to make the detector operational and fully integrated in the UA9 setup are described. The most important standard operations of the detector are presented. They have been used to commission and characterize the detector, providing moreover the measurement of the integrated channeled beam profile and several functionality tests as the determination of the crystal bending angle. The calibration has been performed with Lead (Pb) and Xenon (Xe) beams and the results are applied to the flux measurement discussed here in detail.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figure

The UA9 experimental layout

The UA9 experimental equipment was installed in the CERN-SPS in March '09 with the aim of investigating crystal assisted collimation in coasting mode. Its basic layout comprises silicon bent crystals acting as primary collimators mounted inside two vacuum vessels. A movable 60 cm long block of tungsten located downstream at about 90 degrees phase advance intercepts the deflected beam. Scintillators, Gas Electron Multiplier chambers and other beam loss monitors measure nuclear loss rates induced by the interaction of the beam halo in the crystal. Roman pots are installed in the path of the deflected particles and are equipped with a Medipix detector to reconstruct the transverse distribution of the impinging beam. Finally UA9 takes advantage of an LHC-collimator prototype installed close to the Roman pot to help in setting the beam conditions and to analyze the efficiency to deflect the beam. This paper describes in details the hardware installed to study the crystal collimation during 2010.Comment: 15pages, 11 figure, submitted to JINS

Relationship between fatty acids composition/antioxidant potential of breast milk and maternal diet: Comparison with infant formulas

The fatty acid composition of human breast milk is relevant for the energy, immunity and eicosanoid production in infants. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of foods are essential for human health. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal diet and fatty acids composition as well as the antioxidant potential of breast milk from donors to human milk bank of Perugia\u2019s hospital, Italy. Results were compared with infant formulas. We observed increased levels of total fatty acids and, in particular, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in milk from mothers fed on a vegetable and fruit-rich diet compared with a Mediterranean diet. In the same milk, a reduced antioxidant potential was found. All infant formulas resulted in richer total fatty acid content than human breast milk. Only some formulas were qualitatively similar to breast milk. Of note, the antioxidant potential of the formulas was higher or lower than the human milk with the exception of one sample. The antioxidant potential of four formulas was very high. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants has been shown to have a teratogenic effect and to increase the formation of metastases in adult. There are no data on the effects of excess antioxidants in the infants, but the possibility that they can be harmful cannot be excluded

PRESENTAZIONE ECOGRAFICA DELL’EPATOCARCINOMA: ESPERIENZA DI UN SINGOLO CENTRO NELL’ARCO DI TRE DECENNI

Valutare i cambiamenti della presentazione ecografica (US) degli epatocarcinomi (HCC) diagnosticati presso la nostra UO di Medicina Interna in tre periodi:1993-98, 2003-2008,2013-18. Il Gruppo 1 (G1) (1993-1998) comprendeva 174 HCC, il Gruppo 2 (G2) (2003-08) 96, il Gruppo 3 (G3) (2013-2018) 102. Sono stati registrati età, sesso, markers HBV, HCV, uso di alcol, alfafetoproteina (AFP), test di funzionalità epatica, autoanticorpi, ferritinemia. La diagnosi di HCC in G2 e G3 è stata posta secondo le linee guida EASL, in G1 con istologia o citologia nel 40%, nel resto con multiple tecniche di imaging concordanti (ecografia, TC, TC con lipiodol, angiografia), livelli sierici di AFP>200 ng/ml. La presentazione US veniva classificata secondo Otho in: Singolo, Multipli, Diffusi (Dig. Liv. Dis. 43 (2011) 875–880). Nel gruppo 1: 11.5% dei pazienti risultava in sorveglianza, meno che nel G2 (66%) e nel G3 (76.4%) (p<0.0001), G2 vs G3 (P=ns). L’età media aumentava progressivamente da G1 a G3 (rho=0.45; P<0.0001), gli HCC Singoli erano più frequenti in G2 (63.5%) e in G3 (65.6 %) vs G1 (40 %) (P<0.0001), G2 vs G3 P=ns. La frequenza dei Multipli era maggiore in G1 (50 %) vs G2 (34.4%) e G3 (33.3%) (entrambi P<0.02), G2 vs G3 P=ns. Il Diffuso prevaleva in G1 (16 %) vs G2 (2 %) e G3 (1 %), (entrambi P<0.001), G2 vs G3 P=ns. L’ecostruttura nei tre periodi era sovrapponibile, risultava maggiore l’ipocogena (50-70%), la meno frequente l’isoecogena (7-12%). L’eziologia più frequente nei tre G era HCV, la post Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis/ criptogenetica (NASH/C) nel G3 era significativamente maggiore vs G2 e vs G1 (entrambi P<0.05). Nel G3 gli HCC-NASH/C vs i virali avevano una severità secondo Otho maggiore (rho=0.3, P<0.02) e il diametro dei noduli neoplastici era più grande (P<0.0001). I programmi di vaccinazione contro l’HBV, le terapie antivirali, l’aumentata prevalenza della cirrosi postNASH, la sorveglianza US, hanno modificato il ruolo dei fattori di rischio e la severità dell’epatocarcinoma (HCC) al momento della diagnosi. I nostri risultati confermano che la presentazione US dell’HCC negli anni è diventata meno severa, effetto della sorveglianza ecografica semestrale. I nostri dati mostrano inoltre nel G3 un aumento della prevalenza degli HCC-postNASH/C, questi alla diagnosi hanno una presentazione più severa se confrontati con i virali, probabilmente conseguenza di un ritardo diagnostico, infatti pochi pazienti (6/14) erano in sorveglianza US. Sono necessari ulteriori studi per definire le politiche di sorveglianza ecografica per gli HCC nella NASH

User needs elicitation via analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A case study on a Computed Tomography (CT) scanner

Background: The rigorous elicitation of user needs is a crucial step for both medical device design and purchasing. However, user needs elicitation is often based on qualitative methods whose findings can be difficult to integrate into medical decision-making. This paper describes the application of AHP to elicit user needs for a new CT scanner for use in a public hospital. Methods: AHP was used to design a hierarchy of 12 needs for a new CT scanner, grouped into 4 homogenous categories, and to prepare a paper questionnaire to investigate the relative priorities of these. The questionnaire was completed by 5 senior clinicians working in a variety of clinical specialisations and departments in the same Italian public hospital. Results: Although safety and performance were considered the most important issues, user needs changed according to clinical scenario. For elective surgery, the five most important needs were: spatial resolution, processing software, radiation dose, patient monitoring, and contrast medium. For emergency, the top five most important needs were: patient monitoring, radiation dose, contrast medium control, speed run, spatial resolution. Conclusions: AHP effectively supported user need elicitation, helping to develop an analytic and intelligible framework of decision-making. User needs varied according to working scenario (elective versus emergency medicine) more than clinical specialization. This method should be considered by practitioners involved in decisions about new medical technology, whether that be during device design or before deciding whether to allocate budgets for new medical devices according to clinical functions or according to hospital department

Observation of channeling for 6500 GeV/c protons in the crystal assisted collimation setup for LHC

Two high-accuracy goniometers equipped with two bent silicon crystals were installed in the betatron cleaning insertion of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) during its long shutdown. First beam tests were recently performed at the LHC with 450 GeV/c and 6500 GeV/c stored proton beams to investigate the feasibility of beam halo collimation assisted by bent crystals. For the first time channeling of 6500 GeV/c protons was observed in a particle accelerator. A strong reduction of beam losses due to nuclear inelastic interactions in the aligned crystal in comparison with its amorphous orientation was detected. The loss reduction value was about 24. Thus, the results show that deflection of particles by a bent crystal due to channeling is effective for this record particle energy.peer-reviewe