7,614 research outputs found
Response of bubbles to diagnotic ultrasound:a unifying theoretical approach
The scattering of ultrasound from bubbles of m radius, such as used in contrast enhancers for ultrasound diagnostics, is studied. We show that sound scattering and ``active'' emission of sound from oscillating bubbles are not contradictory, but are just two different aspects derived from the same physics. Treating the bubble as a nonlinear oscillator, we arrive at general formulas for scattering and absorption cross-sections. We show that several well-known formulas are recovered in the linear limit of this ansatz. In the case of strongly nonlinear oscillations, however, the cross-sections can be larger than those for linear response by several orders of magnitude. The major part of the incident sound energy is then converted into emitted sound, unlike what happens in the linear case, where the absorption cross-sections exceed the scattering cross-sections
Genome-wide tests for introgression between cactophilic Drosophila implicate a role of inversions during speciation
K.L. was funded by a junior research fellowship from the National Environmental Research Council, UK (NE/I020288/1, NBAF659).Models of speciation-with-gene-flow have shown that the reduction in recombination between alternative chromosome arrangements can facilitate the fixation of locally adaptive genes in the face of gene flow and contribute to speciation. However, it has proven frustratingly difficult to show empirically that inversions have reduced gene flow and arose during or shortly after the onset of species divergence rather than represent ancestral polymorphisms. Here, we present an analysis of whole genome data from a pair of cactophilic fruit flies, Drosophila mojavensis and D. arizonae, which are reproductively isolated in the wild and differ by several large inversions on three chromosomes. We found an increase in divergence at rearranged compared to colinear chromosomes. Using the density of divergent sites in short sequence blocks we fit a series of explicit models of species divergence in which gene flow is restricted to an initial period after divergence and may differ between colinear and rearranged parts of the genome. These analyses show that D. mojavensis and D. arizonae have experienced postdivergence gene flow that ceased around 270 KY ago and was significantly reduced in chromosomes with fixed inversions. Moreover, we show that these inversions most likely originated around the time of species divergence which is compatible with theoretical models that posit a role of inversions in speciation with gene flow.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Probing structures in channel flow through SO(3) and SO(2) decomposition
SO(3) and SO(2) decompositions of numerical channel flow turbulence are
performed. The decompositions are used to probe, characterize, and quantify
anisotropic structures in the flow. Close to the wall the anisotropic modes are
dominant and reveal the flow structures. The SO(3) decomposition does not
converge for large scales as expected. However, in the shear buffer layer it
also does not converge for small scales, reflecting the lack of small scales
isotropization in that part of the channel flow.Comment: 25 pages, 22 figure
Radial boundary layer structure and Nusselt number in Rayleigh-Benard convection
Results from direct numerical simulations for three dimensional
Rayleigh-Benard convection in a cylindrical cell of aspect ratio 1/2 and Pr=0.7
are presented. They span five decades of Ra from to . Good numerical resolution with grid spacing Kolmogorov
scale turns out to be crucial to accurately calculate the Nusselt number, which
is in good agreement with the experimental data by Niemela et al., Nature, 404,
837 (2000). In underresolved simulations the hot (cold) plumes travel further
from the bottom (top) plate than in the fully resolved case, because the
thermal dissipation close to the sidewall (where the grid cells are largest) is
insufficient. We compared the fully resolved thermal boundary layer profile
with the Prandtl-Blasius profile. We find that the boundary layer profile is
closer to the Prandtl Blasius profile at the cylinder axis than close to the
sidewall, due to rising plumes in that region.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Heat transport and flow structure in rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection
Here we summarize the results from our direct numerical simulations (DNS) and
experimental measurements on rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard (RB) convection. Our
experiments and simulations are performed in cylindrical samples with an aspect
ratio \Gamma varying from 1/2 to 2. Here \Gamma=D/L, where D and L are the
diameter and height of the sample, respectively. When the rotation rate is
increased, while a fixed temperature difference between the hot bottom and cold
top plate is maintained, a sharp increase in the heat transfer is observed
before the heat transfer drops drastically at stronger rotation rates. Here we
focus on the question of how the heat transfer enhancement with respect to the
non-rotating case depends on the Rayleigh number Ra, the Prandtl number Pr, and
the rotation rate, indicated by the Rossby number Ro. Special attention will be
given to the influence of the aspect ratio on the rotation rate that is
required to get heat transport enhancement. In addition, we will discuss the
relation between the heat transfer and the large scale flow structures that are
formed in the different regimes of rotating RB convection and how the different
regimes can be identified in experiments and simulations.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
Sidewall effects in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection
We investigate the influence of the temperature boundary conditions at the
sidewall on the heat transport in Rayleigh-B\'enard (RB) convection using
direct numerical simulations. For relatively low Rayleigh numbers Ra the heat
transport is higher when the sidewall is isothermal, kept at a temperature
(where is the temperature difference between the
horizontal plates and the temperature of the cold plate), than when the
sidewall is adiabatic. The reason is that in the former case part of the heat
current avoids the thermal resistance of the fluid layer by escaping through
the sidewall that acts as a short-circuit. For higher Ra the bulk becomes more
isothermal and this reduces the heat current through the sidewall. Therefore
the heat flux in a cell with an isothermal sidewall converges to the value
obtained with an adiabatic sidewall for high enough Ra ().
However, when the sidewall temperature deviates from the heat
transport at the bottom and top plates is different from the value obtained
using an adiabatic sidewall. In this case the difference does not decrease with
increasing Ra thus indicating that the ambient temperature of the experimental
apparatus can influence the heat transfer. A similar behavior is observed when
only a very small sidewall region close to the horizontal plates is kept
isothermal, while the rest of the sidewall is adiabatic. The reason is that in
the region closest to the horizontal plates the temperature difference between
the fluid and the sidewall is highest. This suggests that one should be careful
with the placement of thermal shields outside the fluid sample to minimize
spurious heat currents.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figure
Observation of the Meissner effect with ultracold atoms in bosonic ladders
We report on the observation of the Meissner effect in bosonic flux ladders
of ultracold atoms. Using artificial gauge fields induced by laser-assisted
tunneling, we realize arrays of decoupled ladder systems that are exposed to a
uniform magnetic field. By suddenly decoupling the ladders and projecting into
isolated double wells, we are able to measure the currents on each side of the
ladder. For large coupling strengths along the rungs of the ladder, we find a
saturated maximum chiral current corresponding to a full screening of the
artificial magnetic field. For lower coupling strengths, the chiral current
decreases in good agreement with expectations of a vortex lattice phase. Our
work marks the first realization of a low-dimensional Meissner effect and,
furthermore, it opens the path to exploring interacting particles in low
dimensions exposed to a uniform magnetic field
On the sound of snapping shrimp
Snapping shrimp produce a snapping sound by an extremely rapid closure of their snapper claw. Source levels reported for Alpheus heterochaelis are as high as 220 dB (peak-to-peak) re. 1 µPa at 1 m distance. The loud snap has been attributed to the mechanical contact made when the snapper claw contracts. The recent ultra-high-speed imaging of the snapper claw closure at 40500 frames per second has revealed that the sound is, in fact, generated by the collapse of a cavitation bubble formed in a fast flowing water jet forced out from between the claws during claw closure. A temporal analysis of the sound recordings and the high-speed images shows that no sound is associated with the claw closure, while a very prominent signal is observed during the collapse of the cavitation bubble. Gallery of Fluid Motion\ud
Award-winning entry 200
Superstability of Surface Nanobubbles
Shock wave induced cavitation experiments and atomic force microscopy
measurements of flat polyamide and hydrophobized silicon surfaces immersed in
water are performed. It is shown that surface nanobubbles, present on these
surfaces, do not act as nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles, in contrast to
the expectation. This implies that surface nanobubbles are not just stable
under ambient conditions but also under enormous reduction of the liquid
pressure down to −6MPa. We denote this feature as superstability.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Resolving Structure in Human Brain Organization: Identifying Mesoscale Organization in Weighted Network Representations
Human brain anatomy and function display a combination of modular and
hierarchical organization, suggesting the importance of both cohesive
structures and variable resolutions in the facilitation of healthy cognitive
processes. However, tools to simultaneously probe these features of brain
architecture require further development. We propose and apply a set of methods
to extract cohesive structures in network representations of brain connectivity
using multi-resolution techniques. We employ a combination of soft
thresholding, windowed thresholding, and resolution in community detection,
that enable us to identify and isolate structures associated with different
weights. One such mesoscale structure is bipartivity, which quantifies the
extent to which the brain is divided into two partitions with high connectivity
between partitions and low connectivity within partitions. A second,
complementary mesoscale structure is modularity, which quantifies the extent to
which the brain is divided into multiple communities with strong connectivity
within each community and weak connectivity between communities. Our methods
lead to multi-resolution curves of these network diagnostics over a range of
spatial, geometric, and structural scales. For statistical comparison, we
contrast our results with those obtained for several benchmark null models. Our
work demonstrates that multi-resolution diagnostic curves capture complex
organizational profiles in weighted graphs. We apply these methods to the
identification of resolution-specific characteristics of healthy weighted graph
architecture and altered connectivity profiles in psychiatric disease.Comment: Comments welcom
- …