Simulation study on the measured difference in fuel consumption between real-world driving and ECE-15 of a hybrid electric vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are sensitive to the driving conditions under which they are used, leading to greater fuel consumption than quoted by the manufacturer, and therefore higher CO emissions. Real-world driving can be very different from the legislative drive cycles as speeds are greater, there are faster changes in speed, and these changes occur at a greater frequency. This study aims to investigate where the differences between real-world driving and the ECE-15 urban drive cycle occur through development of a real-world drive cycle and via a system simulation study. A second generation 2004 Toyota Prius equipped with a GPS (Global Positioning System) data logging system was used to collect data while in use by Loughborough University Security over a period of 9 months. These data were used for the development of a drive cycle, Loughborough University Urban Drive Cycle (LUUDC), representing urban driving around the university campus and local urban area. The same vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer on the LUUDC against the ECE-15 cycle and others. Fuel consumption was measured and CO emissions were calculated and compared. A model based on Autonomie vehicle simulation software was used to simulate and analyse the differences. The test and modelling results showed higher fuel consumption on LUUDC than ECE-15. The reasons for this will be discussed in this paper

Analytical tools for monitoring changes in physical and chemical properties of chromatography resin upon reuse

Protein A resins are often reused for multiple cycles to improve process economy during mAb purification. Significant reduction in binding capacity and product recovery are typically observed due to the presence of unwanted materials (foulants) deposited on the resin upon reuse. In this paper, we have used a wide spectrum of qualitative and quantitative analytical tools (particle size analysis, HPLC, fluorescence, SEM, MS, and FTIR) to compare the strengths and shortcomings of different analytical tools in terms of their capability to detect the fouling of the resin and relate it to chromatographic cycle performance. While each tool offers an insight into this complex phenomena, fluorescence is the only one that can be used for real‐time monitoring of resin fouling. A correlation could be established between fluorescence intensity and the process performance attributes (like yield or binding capacity) impacted upon resin reuse. This demonstration of the application of fluorescence for real‐time monitoring correlated empirically with process performance attributes and the results support its use as a PAT tool as part of a process control strategy. While the focus of this paper is on fouling of protein A chromatography resin, the approach and strategy are pertinent to other modes of chromatography as well

Simulation study on the measured difference in fuel consumption between real-world driving and ECE-15 of a hybrid electric vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are sensitive to the driving conditions under which they are used, leading to greater fuel consumption than quoted by the manufacturer, and therefore higher CO emissions. Real-world driving can be very different from the legislative drive cycles as speeds are greater, there are faster changes in speed, and these changes occur at a greater frequency. This study aims to investigate where the differences between real-world driving and the ECE-15 urban drive cycle occur through development of a real-world drive cycle and via a system simulation study. A second generation 2004 Toyota Prius equipped with a GPS (Global Positioning System) data logging system was used to collect data while in use by Loughborough University Security over a period of 9 months. These data were used for the development of a drive cycle, Loughborough University Urban Drive Cycle (LUUDC), representing urban driving around the university campus and local urban area. The same vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer on the LUUDC against the ECE-15 cycle and others. Fuel consumption was measured and CO emissions were calculated and compared. A model based on Autonomie vehicle simulation software was used to simulate and analyse the differences. The test and modelling results showed higher fuel consumption on LUUDC than ECE-15. The reasons for this will be discussed in this paper

Vertical flight training: An overview of training and flight simulator technology with emphasis on rotary-wing requirements

The principal purpose of this publication is to provide a broad overview of the technology that is relevant to the design of aviation training systems and of the techniques applicable to the development, use, and evaluation of those systems. The issues addressed in our 11 chapters are, for the most part, those that would be expected to surface in any informed discussion of the major characterizing elements of aviation training systems. Indeed, many of the same facets of vertical-flight training discussed were recognized and, to some extent, dealt with at the 1991 NASA/FAA Helicopter Simulator Workshop. These generic topics are essential to a sound understanding of training and training systems, and they quite properly form the basis of any attempt to systematize the development and evaluation of more effective, more efficient, more productive, and more economical approaches to aircrew training. Individual chapters address the following topics: an overview of the vertical flight industry: the source of training requirements; training and training schools: meeting current requirements; training systems design and development; transfer of training and cost-effectiveness; the military quest for flight training effectiveness; alternative training systems; training device manufacturing; simulator aero model implementation; simulation validation in the frequency domain; cockpit motion in helicopter simulation; and visual space perception in flight simulators

Author Correction: Rapidly-migrating and internally-generated knickpoints can control submarine channel evolution (Nature Communications, (2020), 11, 1, (3129), 10.1038/s41467-020-16861-x)

© 2020, The Author(s). The original version of this Article contained an error in the labelling of the cross-section in Fig. 2g and the vertical axis in Fig. 2b. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article

Does the engineering culture in UK higher education advance women’s careers?

Current research suggests that increases in the number of women studying engineering and related courses have not been matched by a similar increase in women engineering professionals. This suggests that although women are attracted to engineering, their experiences in higher education (HE) discourage them from pursuing their chosen career path. The paper explores whether the masculine culture of the engineering sector permeates the culture and curriculum in engineering HE, and if it does, what impact this has on women engineering students. This is achieved through semi-structured, qualitative interviews with a range of female engineering students from both the pre and post 1992 university sectors. Findings indicate that while women are not deterred from pursuing their chosen engineering career, the culture and structure of the engineering education system has been designed for a male audience. This suggests that engineering HE does not benefit most female students to the same extent as male students. It is recommended that HE engineering must review its structure, culture, practices and curriculum if it is to retain female engineering graduates and to attract more women into the sector. This paper fulfils an identified gap in research on women in engineering and will be of interest to university engineering departments and faculties and the Engineering Council, as well as to those in the fields of social policy, education and equal opportunities

Research campaigns in the UK National Health Service: patient recruitment and questions of valuation

The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) aims to improve national ‘health and wealth' by providing infrastructural support to enable clinical research in National Health Service settings in England and Wales. Cognisant of the consequences of studies' failure to achieve required numbers of participants, it also actively campaigns to promote patient awareness of research, and willingness to participate in trials. In this paper, we analyse recent NIHR campaigns and policies designed to encourage patients to participate in clinical research to interrogate how they are implicated in the national bioeconomy. In doing so we expand the notion of ‘clinical labour' to include the work of patient recruitment and highlight an emergent obligation on patients to contribute to research processes. Whereas once patient knowledge and experience may have been devalued, here we draw on the concept of ‘assetisation' (Birch 2012) to explore the emergent relationship between healthcare system and patient as research participant. We consider how patients' contribution goes beyond the provision of standardised objects of valuation so that patients themselves may be perceived as assets to, not only recipients of, the national healthcare system

Characterisation of the muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment

A novel single-particle technique to measure emittance has been developed and used to characterise seventeen different muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE). The muon beams, whose mean momenta vary from 171 to 281 MeV/c, have emittances of approximately 1.2–2.3 π mm-rad horizontally and 0.6–1.0 π mm-rad vertically, a horizontal dispersion of 90–190 mm and momentum spreads of about 25 MeV/c. There is reasonable agreement between the measured parameters of the beams and the results of simulations. The beams are found to meet the requirements of MICE