Hessian Fly in Texas Wheat.

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Järnvägssektorns avreglering - ökad komplexitet och försvårad krishantering?

The report examines if the deregulation of the railway means increased complexity and obstructed crisis management. This is done by a total of eight interviews where railway companies, Transport Administration and maintenance contractors participated. A literature search in the area of complexity theory and systems thinking was conducted. With help from this literature the answers from the interviews were analyzed. From the report it is clear that there are some areas where the crisis management is affected negatively as a result from the deregulation, but there are also some areas where the crisis management has improved. None of those interviewed thought the crisis management, as a whole, was better before the deregulation. The report suggests areas where more research should be done

Motivation, ledarskap och kvinnligt entreprenörskap på landsbygden

Allt fler individer flyttar från landsbygden vilket resulterar i att det blir svårare för företagare och entreprenörer att lyckas med verksamheter i rurala områden, vilket missgynnar landsbygdens fortgång. Studier visar att motivation och ledarskap har stor inverkan på hur väl en verksamhet lyckas. Studier visar även att majoriteten av de entreprenöriella verksamheter som startas i rurala områden grundas av kvinnor. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur motivation kan skapas hos individer på landsbygden genom en ledande kvinnlig entreprenör. Detta för att hjälpa andra företag gällande motivation till att verka i rurala områden och därmed bidra till att bevara landsbygden samt gynna den hållbara utvecklingen i kontexten. Studien använder sig av en induktiv forskningsmetod och utgår från ett studieobjekt, evenemanget fest i Heby, som studeras genom en fallstudie. Detta då en kvinnlig projektledare och entreprenör har det största ansvaret för evenemanget samt har haft en stor inverkan på de medverkande arrangörernas motivation. Den kvinnliga projektledaren och entreprenören Röjerås samt fritidsintendenten Eklund intervjuas genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. De teorier som används och analysen är ett resultat av empirin som samlas in. Den empiri som framkommer av intervjuerna handlar om arrangörernas motivation och vad de motiveras av. Det framkommer även vilken ledarskapsstil Röjerås tillämpar samt hennes syn på ledarskap och genus. Teorierna i denna studie handlar om motivation, ledarskap och kvinnligt ledarskap. Empirin kring motivation behandlas utifrån två teorier: Maslows (1987) behovshierarki och Alvesson och Svenningssons (2007) tre dimensioner av motivation. De ledarskapsteorier som studien behandlar är Maslows (1987) ledarskapspraxis “teori Z”, path-goal theory samt genus och ledarskap (Northouse, 2016). Utifrån detta syftar studien till att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som verkar betydelsefulla i kontexten samt hur motivationen kan påverkas av olika ledarskapsstilar. Det framkommer av empirin att inre och interaktiv motivation samt de tre översta behoven inom Maslows behovshierarki är de viktigaste motivationsfaktorerna för arrangörerna i kontexten och dessa motivationsfaktorer har stärkts hos arrangörerna genom Röjerås ledarskap. Under sitt arbete med detta använder Röjerås ledarskapsstilarna achievement-oriented leadership, supportive leadership behavior samt teori Z.More and more individuals move from rural areas to the urban areas. This makes it harder for entrepreneurs to run their businesses in rural areas, which disfavor the countryside. Studies show that motivation and leadership has a great impact on if businesses succeed or not. Studies also shows that the majority of new entrepreneurial businesses is initiates by women. The purpose of this study is therefore to analyse how entrepreneurs and workers in rural areas gets motivated through a female entrepreneur who leads. Entrepreneurs and leaders can through this study get a deeper understanding how motivation and leadership works and how it can be used in rural areas to favor businesses in the context. This to favor an sustainable development in the context and to prevent a fading countryside. This study use an inductive research method by interviewing key persons to the event fest i Heby. The female project manager and entrepreneur Röjerås has the greatest responsibility of the event and has had a great impact on the participating organizers motivation. Röjerås and the leisure curator Eklund are interviewed by semistructured interviews and the empirical material is subsequently analysed from the theories that are chosen for the study. The empirical material that is collected during the interviews is about the organizers motivation and what they get motivated by. Röjerås thoughts on leadership and gender and leadership is also collected during the interviews. The theories that are used during this study is about the subjects motivation, leadership and female leadership. The empirical material is processed through the two theories: Maslows (1987) hierarchy of needs and Alvesson och Svenningssons (2007) three dimensions of motivation. The theories about leadership is Maslows (1987) management practices “theory Z”, path-goal theory and gender and leadership (Northouse, 2016). The empirical material show that inner motivation, interactive motivation and the top three needs in Maslows hierarchy is important for the organizers in the context and these motivation factors have increased during Röjerås leadership. The leadership Röjerås uses is a mix of achievementoriented leadership, supportive leadership behavior and theory Z

The Rat IgGFcγBP and Muc2 C-Terminal Domains and TFF3 in Two Intestinal Mucus Layers Bind Together by Covalent Interaction

The secreted proteins from goblet cells compose the intestinal mucus. The aims of this study were to determine how they exist in two intestinal mucus layers.The intestinal mucosa was fixed with Carnoy solution and immunostained. Mucus from the loose layer, the firm layer was gently suctioned or scraped, respectively, lysed in SDS sample buffer with or without DTT, then subjected to the western blotting of rTFF3, rIgGFcγBP or rMuc2. The non-reduced or reduced soluble mucus samples in RIPA buffer were co-immunoprecipitated to investigate their possible interactions. Polyclonal antibodies for rTFF3, the rIgGFcγBP C-terminal domain and the rMuc2 C-terminal domain confirmed their localization in the mucus layer and in the mucus collected from the rat intestinal loose layer or firm layer in both western blot and immunoprecipitation experiments. A complex of rTFF3, which was approximately 250 kDa, and a monomer of 6 kDa were present in both layers of the intestinal mucus; rIgGFcγBP was present in the complex (250-280 kDa) under non-reducing conditions, but shifted to 164 kDa under reducing conditions in both of the layers. rMuc2 was found mainly in a complex of 214-270 kDa under non-reducing conditions, but it shifted to 140 kDa under reducing conditions. The co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that binding occurs among rTFF3, rIgGFcγBP and rMuc2 in the RIPA buffer soluble intestinal mucus. Blocking the covalent interaction by 100 mM DTT in the RIPA buffer soluble intestinal mucus disassociated their binding.Rat goblet cell-secreted TFF3, IgGFcγBP and Muc2, existing in the two intestinal mucus layers, are bound together by covalent interactions in the soluble fraction of intestinal mucus and form heteropolymers to be one of the biochemical mechanisms of composing the net-like structure of mucus

Women, men and coronary heart disease: a review of the qualitative literature

Aim. This paper presents a review of the qualitative literature which examines the experiences of patients with coronary heart disease. The paper also assesses whether the experiences of both female and male patients are reflected in the literature and summarizes key themes. Background. Understanding patients' experiences of their illness is important for coronary heart disease prevention and education. Qualitative methods are particularly suited to eliciting patients' detailed understandings and perceptions of illness. As much previous research has been 'gender neutral', this review pays particular attention to gender. Methods. Published papers from 60 qualitative studies were identified for the review through searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PREMEDLINE, PsychINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index and Web of Science using keywords related to coronary heart disease. Findings. Early qualitative studies of patients with coronary heart disease were conducted almost exclusively with men, and tended to generalize from 'male' experience to 'human' experience. By the late 1990s this pattern had changed, with the majority of studies including women and many being conducted with solely female samples. However, many studies that include both male and female coronary heart disease patients still do not have a specific gender focus. Key themes in the literature include interpreting symptoms and seeking help, belief about coronary 'candidates' and relationships with health professionals. The influence of social roles is important: many female patients have difficulties reconciling family responsibilities and medical advice, while male patients worry about being absent from work. Conclusions. There is a need for studies that compare the experiences of men and women. There is also an urgent need for work that takes masculinity and gender roles into account when exploring the experiences of men with coronary heart disease

The Role of the Mucus Barrier in Digestion

Mucus forms a protective layer across a variety of epithelial surfaces. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the barrier has to permit the uptake of nutrients, while excluding potential hazards, such as pathogenic bacteria. In this short review article, we look at recent literature on the structure, location, and properties of the mammalian intestinal secreted mucins and the mucus layer they form over a wide range of length scales. In particular, we look at the structure of the gel-forming glycoprotein MUC2, the primary intestinal secreted mucin, and the influence this has on the properties of the mucus layer. We show that, even at the level of the protein backbone, MUC2 is highly heterogeneous and that this is reflected in the networks it forms. It is evident that a combination of charge and pore size determines what can diffuse through the layer to the underlying gut epithelium. This information is important for the targeted delivery of bioactive molecules, including nutrients and pharmaceuticals, and for understanding how GI health is maintained

Thermal stress induces glycolytic beige fat formation via a myogenic state.

Environmental cues profoundly affect cellular plasticity in multicellular organisms. For instance, exercise promotes a glycolytic-to-oxidative fibre-type switch in skeletal muscle, and cold acclimation induces beige adipocyte biogenesis in adipose tissue. However, the molecular mechanisms by which physiological or pathological cues evoke developmental plasticity remain incompletely understood. Here we report a type of beige adipocyte that has a critical role in chronic cold adaptation in the absence of β-adrenergic receptor signalling. This beige fat is distinct from conventional beige fat with respect to developmental origin and regulation, and displays enhanced glucose oxidation. We therefore refer to it as glycolytic beige fat. Mechanistically, we identify GA-binding protein α as a regulator of glycolytic beige adipocyte differentiation through a myogenic intermediate. Our study reveals a non-canonical adaptive mechanism by which thermal stress induces progenitor cell plasticity and recruits a distinct form of thermogenic cell that is required for energy homeostasis and survival

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Controls Mature Brown Adipocyte Inducibility through Glycerol Kinase.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been suggested as the master regulators of adipose tissue formation. However, their role in regulating brown fat functionality has not been resolved. To address this question, we generated mice with inducible brown fat-specific deletions of PPARα, β/δ, and γ, respectively. We found that both PPARα and β/δδ are dispensable for brown fat function. In contrast, we could show that ablation of PPARγ in vitro and in vivo led to a reduced thermogenic capacity accompanied by a loss of inducibility by β-adrenergic signaling, as well as a shift from oxidative fatty acid metabolism to glucose utilization. We identified glycerol kinase (Gyk) as a partial mediator of PPARγ function and could show that Gyk expression correlates with brown fat thermogenic capacity in human brown fat biopsies. Thus, Gyk might constitute the link between PPARγ-mediated regulation of brown fat function and activation by β-adrenergic signaling