Thenature of marbled Terra Sigillata slips: a combined mu XRF and mu XRD investigation

In addition to the red terra sigillata production, the largest Gallic workshop (La Graufesenque) made a special type of terra sigillata, called 'marbled' by the archaeologists. Produced exclusively on this site, this pottery is characterized by a surface finish made of a mixture of yellow and red slips. Because the two slips are intimately mixed, it is difficult to obtain the precise composition of one of the two constituents without contamination by the other. In order to obtain very precise correlation at the appropriate scale between the color aspect and the element and mineralogical phase distributions in the slip, combined electron microprobe, x-ray micro spectroscopies and micro diffraction on cross sectional samples were performed. The aim is to discover how potters were able to produce this unique type of terra sigillata and especially this slip showing an intense yellow color. Results show that the yellow component of marbled sigillata was made from a titanium-rich clay preparation. The color is related to the formation of a pseudobrookite (TiFe2O5) phase in the yellow part of the slip, the main characteristics of that structure being considered nowadays as essential for the fabrication of stable yellow ceramic pigments. Its physical properties such as high refractive indices and a melting point higher than that of most silicates widely used as ceramic colorants are indeed determinant for this kind of applications. Finally, the red parts have a similar composition (elementary and mineralogical) to the one of standard red slip

Reverse engineering the ancient ceramic technology based on X-ray fluorescence spectromicroscopy

We present results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microprobe analyses of ancient ceramic cross-sections aiming at deciphering the different firing protocols used for their production. Micro-focused XRF elemental mapping, Fe chemical mapping and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy were performed on pre-sigillata ceramics from southern Gaul, and terra Sigillata vessels from Italy and southern Gaul. Pieces from the different workshops and regions showed significant difference in the starting clay material, clay conditioning and kiln firing condition. By contrast, sherds from the same workshop exhibited more subtle differences and possible misfirings. Understanding the precise firing conditions and protocols would allow recreation of kilns for various productions. Furthermore, evolution and modification of kiln design would shed some light on how ancient potters devised solutions to diverse technological problems they encountered

“SALLQA” Producción y comercialización online de almohadas de contenido herbal para tratamientos terapéuticos en el Perú

“Sallqa” es una almohada terapéutica, herbal y natural que proporciona alivio de diversos males y dolencias, musculares, respiratorios y de relajación mientras se duerme, diferenciándose de la competencia por la efectividad comprobada de sus componentes y personalización en el contenido a través de asesorías continuas mediante especialistas que brindarán soporte vía online a un precio justo. El mercado al cual nos enfocamos está conformado por hombres y mujeres que trabajen y/o estudien a la vez, con edades a partir de 25 años, con un estilo de vida inclinado al uso y consumo de productos naturales y medicina alternativa dentro de Perú, el cual muestra una muy buena expectativa de ventas, sustentado en la tasa de conversión obtenida de 12.85% y 85 leads en solo 10 días de prueba con publicidad en redes sociales. En cuanto a los temas más resaltantes del estudio se pueden mencionar el valioso aporte de parte de los 5 miembros del equipo que desarrolla el proyecto gracias a la experiencia y conocimientos en contabilidad, finanzas, administración y medicina natural y alternativa, con una pasión compartida y ganas de causar un gran impacto en la sociedad y economía peruana; la viabilidad del proyecto; y, los excelentes indicadores financieros. Se ha calculado una inversión total de s/22,556 soles para poner en marcha el proyecto, de los cuales el 40% será aportado por cada uno de los 5 accionistas y el 60% diferencial se obtendrá mediante financiamiento no tradicional (inversionistas), ofreciendo un índice de rentabilidad de 5.74."Sallqa" is a therapeutic, herbal and natural pillow that provides relief from various ailments and ailments, muscular, respiratory and relaxation while sleeping, differentiating itself from the competition for the proven effectiveness of its components and personalization in the content through consultancies continuous through specialists who will provide online support at a fair price. The market we focus on is made up of men and women who work and / or study at the same time, aged 25 and over, with a lifestyle inclined to the use and consumption of natural products and alternative medicine within Peru, which shows a very good sales expectation, supported by the conversion rate obtained of 12.85% and 85 leads in just 10 days of testing with advertising on social networks. Regarding the most outstanding topics of the study, the valuable contribution of the 5 members of the team that develops the project can be mentioned thanks to the experience and knowledge in accounting, finance, administration and natural and alternative medicine, with a shared passion and desire to cause a great impact in the Peruvian society and economy; the viability of the project; and the excellent financial indicators. A total investment of s / 22,556 soles has been calculated to start the project, of which 40% will be contributed by each of the 5 shareholders and the 60% differential will be obtained through non-traditional financing (investors), offering a profitability index of 5.74.Trabajo de investigació

Étude de la diffusion en Gaule d'une technique romaine d'élaboration de sigillées à travers l'analyse microstructurale des surfaces décoratives (ou engobes)

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

L'utilisation d'hématite broyée dans les revêtements de présigillées de Bram

International audienc

L'utilisation d'hématite broyée dans les revêtements de présigillées de Bram

International audienc

Carreaux de pavement glaçurés du château du Haut Châlucet (Haute--Vienne,, XIIIe -- XIVe s.) - Inventaire et techniques de fabrication

International audiencePlus d'un millier de carreaux de pavement ont pu être retrouvés au sein du château de Châlucet. Ils se dissocient en trois types décoratifs : les carreaux estampés bicolores, les monochromes parfois incisés et découpés en petits éléments de mosaïque rectiligne et les carreaux à glaçure stannifère peints en vert et brun. Contrairement à ce que l'on a pu observer dans d'autres régions, les carreaux de faïence et les carreaux estampés, pourtant probablement contemporains, ne semblent jamais s'intégrer au même ensemble. Les recherches se sont attachées à un inventaire des pièces conservées, suivi d'une étude descriptive des caractéristiques morphologiques et techniques de chaque fragment. Une quinzaine d'échantillons représentatifs de la collection ont par la suite été analysés. Ces différentes données analytiques ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence de deux productions distinctes, donnant lieu à deux types de pavements

PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission): A non-destructive analysis method adapted to the thin decorative coatings of antique ceramics

International audienceRecent trends in study of Greek and Roman potteries have been to develop non-abrasive methods to determine the elemental composition of their thin coatings. This paper investigates the potential of PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) in this field. This technique has been currently used to determine the bulk elemental composition of several types of artifacts because of its fast and simultaneous ability to measure a large number of elements with good accuracy and without any damage to the sample. However, until now it has never been applied to the measurement of the composition of thin layers owing to the difficulty in limiting the depth of analysis to the layer thickness. In this paper, we show, through a comparative study of reference clay pellets and thin coatings of Terra Sigillata ceramics that reducing the energy of the particle beam the problem can be solved. The decrease of proton energy from 3MeV (standard condition) to 1.5MeV allowed us to limit the analyzed depth to the coating thickness without significant alteration of the results. Quantitative elemental analysis remains possible and the quality of results is similar to the one obtained from electron microprobe

Interfacial layers at a nanometre scale on iron corroded in carbonated anoxic environments

International audienceTwo tests of iron corrosion in compacted clay and clay slurry were performed for several years. The corrosion systems, and especially the interfacial layer between the metal and the corrosion products, were investigated post mortem by SEM-FEG, mRaman, MET and STXM. An Fe(III) oxide layer systematically developed at a nanometer scale between the metal and an outer layer of carbonates. Its presence could explain the slowing down of the corrosion rate usually observed for these systems. Depending of the compactness of the environment the nature of the interfacial layer is not the same