Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and radiation exposure in new building materials in Spain

Novel building materials were manufactured and analyzed for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K using an HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer. The results show that the highest value of 40K was 4530 Bq per kg which was measured in a sample containing fly ashes from olive stones. The highest values of 226Ra and 232Th activities were 181 and 185 Bq per kg, which were measured in a sample with fly ashes from the co-combustion of coal and coke, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest values of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th activities were obtained for samples incorporating mussel shells. The radiological health hazard parameters, such as radium equivalent activity (Raeq), activity concentration index (I), absorbed and effective dose rates, associated with these radionuclides were evaluated. These values are within the EU recommended limits in building materials, except for samples of concrete containing fly ashes from olive stones, coal and coke. This study has contributed to the inclusion of industrial wastes that have not been collected previously in the Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) databases on radioactivity of building materials

A process-specific approach in the study of normal aging deficits in cognitive control: What deteriorates with age?

Bearing in mind that cognitive control is a complex function that includes several processes, it is not clear exactly which ones deteriorate with age. In fact, controversial results have been found. For example, some studies indicate that age-related deficits are observed in proactive and not in reactive control, others show that it is reactive control that is impaired and not proactive control, and some studies find no deficits at all (e.g., Kopp, Lange, Howe, & Wessel, 2014; Xiang et al., 2016). One possible reason is that the contribution of different processes to the deterioration of cognitive control was investigated separately, i.e., without testing all processes within the same paradigm. Therefore, the main goal of the present experiment was to study the impact of normal aging on several processes related to cognitive control within the same task, which included both Simon and Spatial Stroop trials. The study focused on the following processes: generation of conflict measured by automatic response capture (i.e., stronger task-irrelevant information processing compared to task-relevant information processing); conflict detection; and control implementation (which can be reactive control, both within trials and across trials, and proactive control, as a task-set strategy). The results showed larger automatic response capture for older adults when facing a stimulus-response conflict (Simon) but not a stimulus-stimulus conflict (Spatial Stroop). Similarly, older adults also showed larger detection effects for both conflicts. However, regarding control implementation, they only showed difficulties in inhibiting the early automatic response capture (within-trial reactive control) but not reactive control across trials or proactive control. In conclusion, it seems that older adults are more affected by the presence of task-irrelevant information, especially when it comes to resolving stimulus-response conflict. However, they showed no impairments in their ability to implement cognitive control both across trials and as a task-set strategy

Electronic Report Generation Web Service evaluated within a Telemedicine System

This work presents a generic tool based on a client-server architecture that generates electronic reports helping the evaluation process of any information system. For the specific evaluation of telemedicine systems the defined reports cover four dimensions: auditory of the system; evolution of clinical protocols; results from the questionnaires for user acceptance and quality of life; and surveillance of clinical variables. The use of a Web Service approach allows multiplatform use of the developed electronic report service and the modularity followed in the implementation enables easy system evolution and scalability

Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Different Aquatic Environments in the North of Spain and South of France

Due to the global progress of antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the list of the antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens” in order to promote research and development of new antibiotics to the families of bacteria that cause severe and often deadly infections. In the framework of the One Health approach, the surveillance of these pathogens in different environments should be implemented in order to analyze their spread and the potential risk of transmission of antibiotic resistances by food and water. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the presence of high and critical priority pathogens included in the aforementioned list in different aquatic environments in the POCTEFA area (North Spain–South France). In addition to these pathogens, detection of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was included due its relevance as being the antibiotic of choice to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). From the total of 80 analyzed samples, 100% of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and collectors (from hospitals and slaughterhouses) and 96.4% of the rivers, carried antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) against the tested antibiotics. Fifty-five (17.7%) of the isolates were identified as target microorganisms (high and critical priority pathogens of WHO list) and 58.2% (n = 32) of them came from WWTPs and collectors. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization showed that 96.4% were MDR and resistance to penicillins/cephalosporins was the most widespread. The presence of bla genes, KPC-type carbapenemases, mcr-1 and vanB genes has been confirmed. In summary, the presence of clinically relevant MDR bacteria in the studied aquatic environments demonstrates the need to improve surveillance and treatments of wastewaters from slaughterhouses, hospitals and WWTPs, in order to minimize the dispersion of resistance through the effluents of these areas

Implementación de algoritmos meméticos con capacidad de auto-generación sobre CouchBD

Los algoritmos meméticos constituyen un paradigma de optimización basado en la explotación sistemática del conocimiento acerca del problema que se desea resolver y de la combinación de ideas tomadas de diferentes metaheurísticas, tanto basadas en población como basadas en búsqueda local. Como la mayoría de los algoritmos evolutivos, los meméticos también han sido usados para resolver problemas de optimización en el campo de la Inteligencia Artificial, gracias a su capacidad de explorar espacios de búsqueda complejos en tiempos razonables. En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de implementación de algoritmos multimeméticos (esto es, algo- ritmos meméticos con capacidad de auto-generar las estrategias de búsqueda local) que emplea el sistema de Base de Datos CouchDB para manejar poblaciones persistentes y se hace un análisis del rendimiento que muestran estos algoritmos al resolver algunos problemas de optimización.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Este trabajo está parcialmente financiado por la Junta de Andalucía dentro del proyecto P10-TIC-6083 (DNEMESIS), por el MICINN dentro del proyecto TIN2011-28627-C04 (ANYSELF

Influence of Short Carbon-Chain Alcohol (Ethanol and 1-Propanol)/Diesel Fuel Blends over Diesel Engine Emissions

Oxygenated fuels, in this case short carbon-chain alcohols, have been investigated as alternative fuels to power compression ignition engines. A major advantage of short-chain alcohols is that they can be produced from renewable resources, i.e., cultivated commodities or biomass-based biorefineries. However, before entering the market, the effects of short-chain alcohols on engine performance, exhaust emissions, noise and sound quality need to be understood. This work sheds light on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the alcohol/diesel fuel blends (ethanol and 1-propanol) on engine performance, exhaust emissions and, for the first time, on noise and sound quality. It has been demonstrated that when the content of alcohol in blends increased, soot and soluble organic material emissions drastically decreased, mainly due to the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. Reduction in soot emissions combined with higher thermodynamic efficiency of alcohol fuels, with respect to diesel fuel, enable their utilization on compression ignition engines. There is also an improvement in the soot-NOx trade off, leading to large reductions on soot with a small effect on NOx emissions. The oxygen content within the fuel reduces CO and THC emissions at extra-urban driving operation conditions. However, hydrocarbons and CO emissions increased at urban driving conditions, due to the high heat of vaporization of the alcohol fuels which reduces cylinder temperature worsening fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air being more significant at lower cylinder temperature conditions (low engine loads and speeds). Similarly, the higher the presence of alcohol in the blend, the higher the noise emitted by the engine due to their low tendency to auto-ignition. The optimization of alcohol quantity and the calibration of engine control parameters (e.g., injection settings) which is out of the scope of this work, will be required to overcome noise emission penalty. Furthermore, under similar alcohol content in the blend (10% v/v), the use of propanol is preferred over ethanol, as it exhibits lower exhaust emissions and better sound quality than ethanol

Optimization of the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Mg-Al Hydrotalcite Using Response Surface Methodology

Nowadays, biodiesel has become a very promising alternative to fossil diesel fuel, regarding environmental concerns and fuel resource depletion. Biodiesel is usually produced through homogeneous or heterogeneous transesterification of different fatty raw materials. Although main research has been carried out with homogenous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts may be of interest due to ease of recovery and recycling, as well as readiness for continuous processing. In this work, calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite (HT) was used for the heterogeneous transesterification of waste cooking oil. Three reaction parameters, namely, reaction time, amount of catalyst, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio, were optimized by means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) at constant temperature (65 C), using a Box-Behnken design. Optimal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content (86.23% w/w FAME/sample) was predicted by the model with an R-squared value of 98.45%, using 3.39 g of HT (8.5% w/w oil) and an 8:1 methanol-oil molar ratio, for a duration of 3.12 h. It was observed that calcination of HT, while avoiding the previous washing step, allowed the presence of chemical species that enhanced the effect of the catalyst. It can be concluded from this field trial that calcined and nonwashed Mg-Al hydrotalcite may be considered an effective basic catalyst for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Also, RSM proved to be a useful tool for predicting biodiesel yield

Luz blanca

Planteamiento de un prototipo de sistema de medicion basado en la luz blanca sin llegar a la medicion. Se llevan a cabo el diseño de un soporte para los elementos, la seleccion de una plantilla de trabajo, una comparativa de lentes y proyectores y un estudio de repetibilidad del metodo. Se comparan los resultados con un sistema laser que ya esta siendo usado

Biofilms bacterianos e infección

En los países desarrollados tendemos a pensar que las principales causas de mortalidad son las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el cáncer en sus múltiples modalidades. Sin embargo, los datos en Europa resultan elocuentes; las enfermedades infecciosas representan la segunda causa de mortalidad (14,9 millones de muertes), después de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (16,9 millones de muertes) y causan el doble de muertes que el cáncer (7,1 millones de muertes) (datos del World Health Organization, WHO, 2002). Los agentes infecciosos responsables de mortalidad en el hombre han ido evolucionando a medida que las medidas higiénicas y las técnicas médicas han ido evolucionando. Actualmente, las enfermedades infecciosas agudas causadas por bacterias patógenas especializadas como la difteria, tétanos, peste, cólera o la tosferina, que representaban la principal causa de muerte a principios del siglo XX, han sido controladas gracias a la acción de los antibióticos y de las vacunas. En su lugar, más de la mitad de las infecciones que afectan a pacientes ligeramente inmunocomprometidos son producidas por bacterias ubicuas, capaces de producir infecciones de tipo crónico, que responden pobremente a los tratamientos antibióticos y no pueden prevenirse mediante inmunización. Ejemplos de estas infecciones son la otitis media, endocarditis de válvulas nativas, infecciones urinarias crónicas, infecciones de próstata, osteomielitis y todas las infecciones relacionadas con implantes. El análisis directo de los implantes y tejidos de estas infecciones muestra claramente que en la mayoría de los casos la bacteria responsable de la infección crece adherida sobre el tejido o el implante formando comunidades de bacterias a las que se les ha denominado “biofilms”. Dentro del biofilm, las bacterias están protegidas de la acción de los anticuerpos, del ataque de las células fagocíticas y de los tratamientos antimicrobianos. En este artículo se describe el papel que juegan los biofilms en infecciones humanas persistentes

Sellado antibiótico de catéteres intravasculares centrales. Presentación de un caso tipo y de un protocolo de sellado antibiótico

El uso de catéteres intravasculares tunelizados centrales supone una aportación fundamental a la medicina moderna. La infección asociada a estos dispositivos es una de las causas más frecuentes de infección nosocomial en nuestro medio. La simple retirada de un catéter infectado puede ser suficiente para el control de la infección, sin embargo, en muchos casos esta retirada es problemática. En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo de sellado antibiótico aplicable a pacientes diagnosticados de infección asociada a catéter.Use of central intravascular catheters is a common practice in our hospital. Catheter related infection is a major cause of nosocomial infection. Withdrawal can be enough to manage these infections, but this is not always possible. In this article we present an antibiotic lock therapy protocol that can be used in catheter related infection