A Study on the Party System in South Korea after Democratization.

In this study on the party system in South Korea after democratization, I propose to disentangle the electoral influence of regionalism, instigated by a historical contingency at the beginning but developed into a stable and intense linkage between the parties and their core regional bases from other stable grounds for party support: the economy and ideology. The critical election of 1987 resulted in a fragmented national party system divided by cohesive regional support for a particular party. Over the 25-year period in my study, it is transforming into a national two-party system, where major parties gain similarly dispersed electoral support across regions and grow ideologically polarized. The electoral influence of region being a constant, the economy and ideology may explain the changes in partisanship over time. The rightist party is found to own the economic issue area of maintaining price stability and economic growth, while the leftist party support is correlated with unemployment rate. There is a closer relationship between the economy and the votes in Korean elections than previously thought. As the size of the national party system converges on 2, and the leftist party gains more balanced electoral support, regional cleavage is being absorbed into party competition, most likely along the ideological divide. The party system of 1987 based on regional divide is persistent in that the alignment of the regions and political parties remains electorally relevant. There has been a crucial intervention of ideology in 2002 and 2004 elections, which accelerated the polarization at the elite level and party sorting in the mass electorate. In consequence, the Korean party system of 2012 reflects not only the electoral partnership between the two southern regions and major political parties, but also the coordination in ideology and issue positions between the parties and their constituents.PHDPolitical ScienceUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/120745/1/junghwal_1.pd

Urban Subterranean Space: A link between a ground level public space and underground infrastructure

The global trend of urbanization requires an increased demand for reliable infrastructure in urban land. The lack of buildable space in urban areas has been resolved traditionally by skyscrapers and sometimes, the location of new development is shifted to the outside of the central city due to the lower density and property values. However, longer distance between the traditional city center and the new developed area requires additional infrastructure to support the networks. Urbanization allows economic and social development as well as an opportunity to lessen the impact of consumption and production on the environment. However, the urbanization and denser city plans do not always create the successful sustainable urban development. The key function of a city is to enable exchange, interaction and the combination and recombination of people and ideas. Although denser cities are more productive, innovative and energy efficient, when buildings become so massive, this key function of the city can disappear (Florida). While skyscrapers can be the significant element of the big cities, it can be intriguing to consider buildings downwards instead of upwards because it saves ground space by providing extra spaces as well as bringing visibility back to the pedestrian level. This thesis will argue how necessary it is to develop the subterranean space within the urban contexts which will establish an alternative solution for urban design problems. This research will create a design framework for subterranean public space which leverages existing underground spaces, such as subway stations in New York City, to create a space that contributes to its aboveground environment that is currently neglecting a significant relationship with above ground spaces. The result of this thesis is to design a subterranean public space that provides an extra space with an access to multiple services

Photophysical Model of 10-Hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline: Internal Conversion and Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer

Photophysics of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ) has been in controversy, in particular, on the nature of the electronic states before and after the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), even though the dynamics and mechanism of the ESIPT have been well established. We report highly time resolved fluorescence spectra over the full emission frequency regions of the enol and keto isomers and the anisotropy in time domain to determine the accurate rates of the population decay, spectral relaxation and anisotropy decay of the keto isomer. We have shown that the similar to 300 fs component observed frequently in ESIPT dynamics arises from the S-2 -> S-1 internal conversion in the reaction product keto isomer and that the ESIPT occurs from the enol isomer in S-1 state to the keto isomer in S-2 state.X1166Ysciescopu

Understanding the cation ordering transition in high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by doping Li instead of Ni

We determined how Li doping affects the Ni/Mn ordering in high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4(LNMO) by using neutron diffraction, TEM image, electrochemical measurements, and NMR data. The doped Li occupies empty octahedral interstitials (16c site) before the ordering transition, and can move to normal octahedral sites (16d (4b) site) after the transition. This movement strongly affects the Ni/Mn ordering transition because Li at 16c sites blocks the ordering transition pathway and Li at 16d (4b) sites affects electrostatic interactions with transition metals. As a result, Li doping increases in the Ni/Mn disordering without the effect of Mn3+ ions even though the Li-doped LNMO undergoes order-disorder transition at 700 degrees C. Li doping can control the amount of Ni/Mn disordering in the spinel without the negative effect of Mn3+ ions on the electrochemical property.111Ysciescopu

HaRiM+^+: Evaluating Summary Quality with Hallucination Risk

One of the challenges of developing a summarization model arises from the difficulty in measuring the factual inconsistency of the generated text. In this study, we reinterpret the decoder overconfidence-regularizing objective suggested in (Miao et al., 2021) as a hallucination risk measurement to better estimate the quality of generated summaries. We propose a reference-free metric, HaRiM+, which only requires an off-the-shelf summarization model to compute the hallucination risk based on token likelihoods. Deploying it requires no additional training of models or ad-hoc modules, which usually need alignment to human judgments. For summary-quality estimation, HaRiM+ records state-of-the-art correlation to human judgment on three summary-quality annotation sets: FRANK, QAGS, and SummEval. We hope that our work, which merits the use of summarization models, facilitates the progress of both automated evaluation and generation of summary.Comment: 9 pages (+ 21 pages of Appendix), AACL 202

Subspecific Status of the Korean Tiger Inferred by Ancient DNA Analysis

The tiger population that once inhabited the Korean peninsula was initially considered a unique subspecies (Panthera tigris coreensis), distinct from the Amur tiger of the Russian Far East (P. t. altaica). However, in the following decades, the population of P. t. coreensis was classified as P. t. altaica and hence forth the two populations have been considered the same subspecies. From an ecological point of view, the classification of the Korean tiger population as P. t. altaica is a plausible conclusion. Historically, there were no major dispersal barriers between the Korean peninsula and the habitat of Amur tigers in Far Eastern Russia and northeastern China that might prevent gene flow, especially for a large carnivore with long-distance dispersal abilities. However, there has yet to be a genetic study to confirm the subspecific status of the Korean tiger. Bone samples from four tigers originally caught in the Korean peninsula were collected from two museums in Japan and the United States. Eight mitochondrial gene fragments were sequenced and compared to previously published tiger subspecies\u27 mtDNA sequences to assess the phylogenetic relationship of the Korean tiger. Three individuals shared an identical haplotype with the Amur tigers. One specimen grouped with Malayan tigers, perhaps due to misidentification or mislabeling of the sample. Our results support the conclusion that the Korean tiger should be classified as P. t. altaica, which has important implications for the conservation and reintroduction of Korean tigers

Spinal epidural hematoma related to an epidural catheter in a cardiac surgery patient -A case report-

The addition of thoracic epidural anesthesia to general anesthesia during cardiac surgery may have a beneficial effect on clinical outcome. However, epidural catheter insertion in a patient anticoagulated with heparin may increase the risk of epidural hematoma. We report a case of epidural hematoma in a 55-year-old male patient who had a thoracic epidural placed under general anesthesia preceding uneventful mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve annular plasty. During the immediate postoperative period and first postoperative day, prothrombin time (PT) and activate partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were mildly prolonged. On the first postoperative day, he complained of motor weakness of the lower limbs and back pain. An immediate MRI of the spine was performed and it revealed an epidural hematoma at the T5-6 level. Rapid surgical decompression resulted in a recovery of his neurological abnormalities to near normal levels. Management and preventing strategies of epidural hematoma are discussed

Megacity and local contributions to regional air pollution : An aircraft case study over London

In July 2017 three research flights circumnavigating the megacity of London were conducted as a part of the STANCO training school for students and early career researchers organised by EUFAR (European Facility for Airborne Research). Measurements were made from the UK's Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146-301 atmospheric research aircraft with the aim to sample, characterise and quantify the impact of megacity outflow pollution on air quality in the surrounding region. Conditions were extremely favourable for airborne measurements, and all three flights were able to observe clear pollution events along the flight path. A small change in wind direction provided sufficiently different air mass origins over the 2 d such that a distinct pollution plume from London, attributable marine emissions and a double-peaked dispersed area of pollution resulting from a combination of local and transported emissions were measured. We were able to analyse the effect of London emissions on air quality in the wider region and the extent to which local sources contribute to pollution events. The background air upwind of London was relatively clean during both days; concentrations of CO were 88-95 ppbv, total (measured) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 1.6-1.8 ppbv and NOx was 0.7- 0.8 ppbv. Downwind of London, we encountered elevations in all species with CO>100 ppbv, VOCs 2.8-3.8 ppbv, CH4>2080 ppbv and NOx>4 ppbv, and peak concentrations in individual pollution events were higher still. Levels of O3 were inversely correlated with NOx during the first flight, with O3 concentrations of 37 ppbv upwind falling to 26 ppbv in the well-defined London plume. Total pollutant fluxes from London were estimated through a vertical plane downwind of the city. Our calculated CO2 fluxes are within the combined uncertainty of those estimated previously, but there was a greater disparity in our estimates of CH4 and CO. On the second day, winds were lighter and downwind O3 concentrations were elevated to 39-43 ppbv (from 32 to 35 ppbv upwind), reflecting the contribution of more aged pollution to the regional background. Elevations in pollutant concentrations were dispersed over a wider area than the first day, although we also encountered a number of clear transient enhancements from local sources. This series of flights demonstrated that even in a region of megacity outflow, such as the south-east of the UK, local fresh emissions and more distant UK sources of pollution can all contribute substantially to pollution events. In the highly complex atmosphere around a megacity where a high background level of pollution mixes with a variety of local sources at a range of spatial and temporal scales and atmospheric dynamics are further complicated by the urban heat island, the use of pollutant ratios to track and determine the ageing of air masses may not be valid. The individual sources must therefore all be well-characterised and constrained to understand air quality around megacities such as London. Research aircraft offer that capability through targeted sampling of specific sources and longitudinal studies monitoring trends in emission strength and profiles over time