Brigandes : complicités et activités criminelles féminines dans la pègre parisienne (1728-1733)

Longtemps négligée par les chercheurs, l'histoire de la violence féminine s'impose désormais comme un objet d'étude autonome. D'abord confrontée à l'irrémédiabilité du « chiffre noir » dans les archives criminelles, la violence féminine permet maintenant de saisir la voix de la recluse, de la prisonnière, de l'hystérique, de la voleuse ou de la révolutionnaire. L'historien Patrice Péveri utilisa en 1994 la formule de « pègre parisienne » pour désigner le monde des voleurs tel qu'il avait été construit par la justice royale, puis colporté par l'imaginaire urbain, dans le cadre de l'affaire Cartouche (1720-1722) : pendant la Régence et à travers les déboires du système financier de Law, plus de 600 « cartouchiens » furent condamnés pour leurs crimes et, par-delà la « cour des miracles » pensée et nourrie par la littérature de la gueuserie du XVIe siècle, les bandes criminelles constituèrent une nouvelle forme d'anti-société. Or, certes moins connues aujourd'hui, deux autres affaires criminelles inquiétèrent pourtant la population parisienne pendant les premières années du règne de Louis XV. La bande à Nivet (1728-1729) et la bande à Raffiat (1731-1733), considérées par les contemporains comme « pires que Cartouche », ont fait l'objet de procédures criminelles multiples et d'exécutions nombreuses. C'est à travers les pièces de ces deux procès jugés au Parlement de Paris que nous voulons explorer la criminalité et la violence féminines en milieu urbain.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Paris, XVIIIe siècle, Femme, Criminalité, Bande, Procès, Interrogatoire

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis With Vertebral Involvement Diagnosed and Treated Over the Last 15 Years in a Single Canadian Pediatric Academic Institution.

We report 11 children with vertebral lesion of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) diagnosed and treated between 2000 and 2015. Vertebral lesions were usually present at LCH diagnosis. No child developed neurological symptoms. Among 29 vertebral lesions, only 2 were unstable. Chemotherapy was used in all children but 3. A LCH recurrence was observed in 6 patients, involving vertebrae in 4 cases. All children were disease-free at their last follow-up. Sequelae were more often radiologic than clinical. Since potential recurrences and incomplete bone regeneration exist, discussion about optimal treatment and long-term follow-up of vertebral lesions are essential

Laccaria bicolor S238N improves Scots pine mineral nutrition by increasing root nutrient uptake from soil minerals but does not increase mineral weathering (vol 328, pg 145, 2010)

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Laccaria bicolor S238N improves Scots pine mineral nutrition by increasing root nutrient uptake from soil minerals but does not increase mineral weathering

International audienceThe role of ectomycorrhizal fungi on mineral nutrient mobilization and uptake is crucial for tree nutrition and growth in temperate forest ecosystems. By using a “mineral weathering budget” approach, this study aims to quantify the effect of the symbiosis with the ectomycorrhizal model strain Laccaria bicolor S238N on mineral weathering and tree nutrition, carrying out a column experiment with a quartz/biotite substrate. Each column was planted with one Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal with L. bicolor, with exception of the abiotic control treatment. The columns were continuously supplied with a nutrient-poor solution. A mineral weathering budget was calculated for K and Mg. The pine shoot growth was significantly increased (73%) when plants were mycorrhizal with L. bicolor. Whatever their mycorrhizal status, pines increased mineral weathering by factors 1.5 to 2.1. No difference between non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal pine treatments was revealed, however, mycorrhizal pines assimilated significantly more K and Mg. This suggests that in our experimental conditions, L. bicolor S238N improved shoot growth and K and Mg assimilation in Scots pine mainly by increasing the uptake of dissolved nutrients, linked to a better exploration and exploitation of the soil by the mycorrhizal roots

Influence of Forest Trees on the Distribution of Mineral Weathering-Associated Bacterial Communities of the Scleroderma citrinum Mycorrhizosphere ▿

In acidic forest soils, availability of inorganic nutrients is a tree-growth-limiting factor. A hypothesis to explain sustainable forest development proposes that tree roots select soil microbes involved in central biogeochemical processes, such as mineral weathering, that may contribute to nutrient mobilization and tree nutrition. Here we showed, by combining soil analyses with cultivation-dependent analyses of the culturable bacterial communities associated with the widespread mycorrhizal fungus Scleroderma citrinum, a significant enrichment of bacterial isolates with efficient mineral weathering potentials around the oak and beech mycorrhizal roots compared to bulk soil. Such a difference did not exist in the rhizosphere of Norway spruce. The mineral weathering ability of the bacterial isolates was assessed using a microplaque assay that measures the pH and the amount of iron released from biotite. Using this microplate assay, we demonstrated that the bacterial isolates harboring the most efficient mineral weathering potential belonged to the Burkholderia genus. Notably, previous work revealed that oak and beech harbored very similar pHs in the 5- to 10-cm horizon in both rhizosphere and bulk soil environments. In the spruce rhizosphere, in contrast, the pH was significantly lower than that in bulk soil. Because the production of protons is one of the main mechanisms responsible for mineral weathering, our results suggest that certain tree species have developed indirect strategies for mineral weathering in nutrient-poor soils, which lie in the selection of bacterial communities with efficient mineral weathering potentials

Fructan exohydrolases ( FEHs ) are upregulated by salicylic acid together with defense‐related genes in non‐fructan accumulating plants

The identification of several fructan exohydrolases (FEHs, EC 3.2.1.80) in non-fructan accumulating plants raised the question of their roles. FEHs may be defense-related proteins involved in the interactions with fructan-accumulating microorganisms. Since known defense-related proteins are upregulated by defense-related phytohormones, we tested the hypothesis that FEHs of non-fructan accumulating plants are upregulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the agronomically relevant and genetically related species Brassica napus. By sequence homologies with the two known FEH genes of A. thaliana, At6-FEH, and At6 & 1-FEH, the genes coding for the putative B. napus FEHs, Bn6-FEH and Bn6 & 1-FEH, were identified. Plants were treated at root level with SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). The transcript levels of defense-related and FEH genes were measured after treatments. MeJA and ACC did not upregulate FEHs, while HEL (HEVEIN-LIKE PREPROTEIN) expression was enhanced by both phytohormones. In both species, the expression of AOS, encoding a JA biosynthesis enzyme, was enhanced by MeJA and that of the defensine PDF1.2 and the ET signaling transcription factor ERF1/2 by ACC. In contrast, SA not only increased the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins (PR1 and HEL) and the defense-related transcription factor WRKY70 but also that of FEH genes, in particular 6 & 1-FEH genes. This result supports the putative role of FEHs as defense-related proteins. Genotypic variability of SA-mediated FEH regulation (transcript level and activities) was observed among five varieties of B. napus, suggesting different susceptibilities toward fructan-accumulating pathogens

Gaps in the management of food‐induced anaphylaxis reactions at school

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