Cosmetics Increase Skin Evenness: Evidence from Perceptual and Physical Measures

Background Cosmetics are commonly attributed with increasing skin evenness, yet little published data characterizes the effect, either perceptually or physically. We therefore investigated whether makeup increases skin evenness using a perceptual measurement and two physical measurements of color and luminance homogeneity. Materials and Methods Twenty‐two French women (aged 29‐45 years) were photographed without cosmetics, with self‐applied cosmetics, and with professionally‐applied cosmetics. In Study 1, 143 participants rated skin evenness. In Study 2, each face was delineated to create regions of interest (ROI) in the cheek and forehead areas. Both ROIs were then analyzed for luminance homogeneity using an established measure (Haralick homogeneity) and a new measure that incorporates chromaticity (H76). Results In Study 1, the faces were rated as having more even‐looking skin with either self‐applied cosmetics or professionally‐applied cosmetics than without cosmetics. In Study 2, the luminance homogeneity measure found that the cheek ROI, but not the forehead ROI, was more homogeneous after both self‐applied cosmetics and professionally‐applied cosmetics when compared to without cosmetics. The new measure incorporating chromaticity found greater homogeneity in both ROIs in the two cosmetics conditions. The new measure incorporating chromaticity also better predicted the perceived skin evenness ratings from Study 1. Conclusion These results provide systematic empirical evidence that makeup increases perceived skin evenness, and that these increases are partly predicted by physical measurements of skin luminance and color. The data also indicate that H76—the new measure of skin evenness that incorporates chromaticity—better predicts perceived skin evenness

Nck2 promotes human melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and primary melanoma-derived tumor growth in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nck1 and Nck2 adaptor proteins are involved in signaling pathways mediating proliferation, cytoskeleton organization and integrated stress response. Overexpression of Nck1 in fibroblasts has been shown to be oncogenic. Through the years this concept has been challenged and the consensus is now that overexpression of either Nck cooperates with strong oncogenes to transform cells. Therefore, variations in Nck expression levels in transformed cells could endorse cancer progression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Expression of Nck1 and Nck2 proteins in various cancer cell lines at different stages of progression were analyzed by western blots. We created human primary melanoma cell lines overexpressing GFP-Nck2 and investigated their ability to proliferate along with metastatic characteristics such as migration and invasion. By western blot analysis, we compared levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine as well as cadherins and integrins in human melanoma cells overexpressing or not Nck2. Finally, in mice we assessed tumor growth rate of human melanoma cells expressing increasing levels of Nck2.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that expression of Nck2 is consistently increased in various metastatic cancer cell lines compared with primary counterparts. Particularly, we observed significant higher levels of Nck2 protein and mRNA, as opposed to no change in Nck1, in human metastatic melanoma cell lines compared with non-metastatic melanoma and normal melanocytes. We demonstrated the involvement of Nck2 in proliferation, migration and invasion in human melanoma cells. Moreover, we discovered that Nck2 overexpression in human primary melanoma cells correlates with higher levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, assembly of Nck2-dependent pY-proteins-containing molecular complexes and downregulation of cadherins and integrins. Importantly, we uncovered that injection of Nck2-overexpressing human primary melanoma cells into mice increases melanoma-derived tumor growth rate.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Collectively, our data indicate that Nck2 effectively influences human melanoma phenotype progression. At the molecular level, we propose that Nck2 in human primary melanoma promotes the formation of molecular complexes regulating proliferation and actin cytoskeleton dynamics by modulating kinases or phosphatases activities that results in increased levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. This study provides new insights regarding cancer progression that could impact on the therapeutic strategies targeting cancer.</p

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Approche épidémiologique du rôle des acides gras sur le vieillissement cutané dans le cadre de l’étude SU.VI.MAX

The possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet.L’éventuel effet photo-protecteur sur la peau des lipides a été jusqu’à présent peu examiné. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le lien entre l’apport alimentaire en acides gras mono-insaturés (AGMI) et en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 et le photo-vieillissement cutané du visage chez une large population d’hommes et de femmes âgés entre 45 et 60 ans. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence un lien inverse entre les apports en en huile d’olive et la sévérité du photo-vieillissement. Lors de l’étude des AGPI n-3, un lien inverse a été mis en évidence entre la sévérité du photo-vieillissement et les apports en acide α-linolénique (ALA) des huiles végétales et des fruits et légumes chez les hommes. Chez les femmes un lien inverse a été trouvé avec les apports en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et une tendance avec les ALA des huiles végétales. Ces travaux soutiennent les recommandations en faveur d’un régime riche en huile d’olive et en AGPI n-3 comme celui du régime méditerranéen

Approche épidémiologique du rôle des acides gras sur le vieillissement cutané dans le cadre de l’étude SU.VI.MAX

The possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet.L’éventuel effet photo-protecteur sur la peau des lipides a été jusqu’à présent peu examiné. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le lien entre l’apport alimentaire en acides gras mono-insaturés (AGMI) et en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 et le photo-vieillissement cutané du visage chez une large population d’hommes et de femmes âgés entre 45 et 60 ans. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence un lien inverse entre les apports en en huile d’olive et la sévérité du photo-vieillissement. Lors de l’étude des AGPI n-3, un lien inverse a été mis en évidence entre la sévérité du photo-vieillissement et les apports en acide α-linolénique (ALA) des huiles végétales et des fruits et légumes chez les hommes. Chez les femmes un lien inverse a été trouvé avec les apports en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et une tendance avec les ALA des huiles végétales. Ces travaux soutiennent les recommandations en faveur d’un régime riche en huile d’olive et en AGPI n-3 comme celui du régime méditerranéen

Epidemiological approach of the role of fatty acids on the skin photoaging in the context of the SU.VI.MAX Study

L’éventuel effet photo-protecteur sur la peau des lipides a été jusqu’à présent peu examiné. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le lien entre l’apport alimentaire en acides gras mono-insaturés (AGMI) et en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 et le photo-vieillissement cutané du visage chez une large population d’hommes et de femmes âgés entre 45 et 60 ans. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence un lien inverse entre les apports en en huile d’olive et la sévérité du photo-vieillissement. Lors de l’étude des AGPI n-3, un lien inverse a été mis en évidence entre la sévérité du photo-vieillissement et les apports en acide α-linolénique (ALA) des huiles végétales et des fruits et légumes chez les hommes. Chez les femmes un lien inverse a été trouvé avec les apports en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et une tendance avec les ALA des huiles végétales. Ces travaux soutiennent les recommandations en faveur d’un régime riche en huile d’olive et en AGPI n-3 comme celui du régime méditerranéen.The possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet

Variations of skin biophysical properties after recreational swimming

International audienceSensations of itching and skin tightness are frequently reported after recreational swimming in pool water. Our objective was to measure the potential changes occurring at the skin surface under such conditions

Psoriasis: characterization of six different clinical phenotypes

International audienceUntil recently, psoriasis was considered as a single disease entity. However, the discovery of major differences between early- or late-onset psoriasis suggests the presence of distinct disease phenotypes which may differ in their pathophysiology and in their treatment responsiveness. The objective of this study was to use exploratory data analysis methods to identify potential clinical psoriasis phenotypes without a priori hypotheses. A prospective questionnaire-based survey collected comprehensive informations on the main clinical characteristics of 1484 psoriatic patients. Six statistically different clusters of clinical symptoms were observed, corresponding at least to six different clinical psoriasis phenotypes. Moreover, discriminant functions allow patients to be assigned to one or other of these phenotypes. Our findings open the way to focus genetic, pharmaco-genetic, pathophysiological and therapeutic studies on more homogenous group of patients

Reduced Slow-Wave Rebound during Daytime Recovery Sleep in Middle-Aged Subjects

Cortical synchronization during NREM sleep, characterized by electroencephalographic slow waves (SW <4 Hz and >75 µV), is strongly related to the number of hours of wakefulness prior to sleep and to the quality of the waking experience. Whether a similar increase in wakefulness length leads to a comparable enhancement in NREM sleep cortical synchronization in young and older subjects is still a matter of debate in the literature. Here we evaluated the impact of 25-hours of wakefulness on SW during a daytime recovery sleep episode in 29 young (27 y ± 5), and 34 middle-aged (51 y ± 5) subjects. We also assessed whether age-related changes in NREM sleep cortical synchronization predicts the ability to maintain sleep during daytime recovery sleep. Compared to baseline sleep, sleep efficiency was lower during daytime recovery sleep in both age-groups but the effect was more prominent in the middle-aged than in the young subjects. In both age groups, SW density, amplitude, and slope increased whereas SW positive and negative phase duration decreased during daytime recovery sleep compared to baseline sleep, particularly in anterior brain areas. Importantly, compared to young subjects, middle-aged participants showed lower SW density rebound and SW positive phase duration enhancement after sleep deprivation during daytime recovery sleep. Furthermore, middle-aged subjects showed lower SW amplitude and slope enhancements after sleep deprivation than young subjects in frontal and prefrontal derivations only. None of the SW characteristics at baseline were associated with daytime recovery sleep efficiency. Our results support the notion that anterior brain areas elicit and may necessitate more intense recovery and that aging reduces enhancement of cortical synchronization after sleep loss, particularly in these areas. Age-related changes in the quality of wake experience may underlie age-related reduction in markers of cortical synchronization enhancement after sustained wakefulness