Étude de la production de la recherche et de ses mécanismes de transfert : une application au domaine de la santé et de la sécurité du travail au Canada

Cette thèse vise à identifier dans quelle mesure la production de la recherche dans le domaine de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (SST) au Canada, ainsi que ses mécanismes de transfert, sont favorables au soutien d’une utilisation des résultats de recherche. Pour atteindre cet objectif, suite à la construction d’un cadre conceptuel qui fait ressortir l’importance du mode de production des connaissances, le transfert des connaissances et ses déterminants ont été mesurés par le biais d’une enquête par questionnaire complétée par 217 chercheurs dans le domaine de la SST. Un premier niveau d’analyses des résultats obtenus a permis de décrire le profil des répondants et les caractéristiques de leurs travaux de recherche. Un rapprochement entre les types d’industries, les populations, la nature des lésions concernées par les travaux des chercheurs et les lésions professionnelles indemnisées au Canada a été réalisé. Dans un deuxième niveau d’analyses, une analyse factorielle en composante principale a révélé l’organisation des énoncés relatifs au transfert des connaissances en trois facteurs (diffusion, dissémination active et implantation), lesquels représentent les mécanismes de transfert. Pour compléter ce portrait, des analyses bivariées des mécanismes de transfert au regard des modes de production de la recherche, du statut, de la discipline et du type d’institutions de rattachement des chercheurs ont été effectuées. Ensuite, un troisième niveau d’analyses a été réalisé pour identifier les facteurs associés aux mécanismes de transfert. Pour ce faire, un modèle a été développé et appliqué aux trois mécanismes de transfert (diffusion, dissémination active et implantation). En somme, l’application de notre modèle aux trois mécanismes de transfert a fait ressortir des facteurs différents associés de façon significative à la diffusion, à la dissémination active et à l’implantation des connaissances. Une seule variable indépendante est associée à chacun des trois mécanismes, il s’agit du fait d’avoir le mode II comme mode de production des connaissances, en comparaison du mode I. Aussi, d’ordre général, les disciplines sont très peu associées aux mécanismes de transfert. En ce sens, les chercheurs en SST, peu importe leur discipline, semblent constituer un ensemble assez homogène.This thesis investigates the extent to which the production of research in the field of occupational safety and health (OSH) in Canada, and its transfer mechanisms, support the use of research results. To achieve this goal a conceptual framework was conceived that emphasizes the importance of the knowledge production mode. The framework was then used to investigate and measure the transfer of knowledge and its determinants with questionnaire filled out by 217 researchers in the field of OSH. A first level of analysis made it possible to describe the profile of the different researchers and the characteristics of their research tasks. An association between the professional deaths and lesions compensated in Canada and the types of industries, populations and nature of lesions studied by researchers, was carried out. In a second level of analysis, we conducted a principal components factor analysis (PCFA) that revealed the organization of items of knowledge transfer in three factors (diffusion, active dissemination and implementation). These factors represent the mechanisms used by researchers to transfer research knowledge to managers, professionals and practitioners. To supplement this portrait, bivariated analyses of the transfer mechanisms taking into consideration mode of knowledge production, the statute, the discipline and the type of institution of the researchers, were done. Then, a third level of analyses was carried out to identify and hierarchyse the factors associated with the transfer mechanisms. With this, we developed an ordinary least squares model and applied it to the three transfer mechanisms (diffusion, active dissemination and implementation). In summary, the application of our model to the three transfer mechanism demonstrates many factors significantly associated with the three mechanisms. However, only one independent variable is associated with each of the three mechanisms, that is to use mode II as knowledge production mode, in comparison to mode I. Also, in general, the disciplines are rarely associated with transfer mechanisms. Thus, the researchers in OHS, no matter what their discipline is, seem to constitute a rather homogeneous unit

Impact of centre volume on atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes in Europe: a report from the ESC EHRA EORP Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Long-Term (AFA LT) Registry

Abstract Aims  The aim of the study was to investigate differences in clinical outcomes and complication rates among European atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation centres related to the volume of AF ablations performed. Methods and results  Data for this analysis were extracted from the ESC EHRA EORP European AF Ablation Long-Term Study Registry. Based on 33rd and 67th percentiles of number of AF ablations performed, the participating centres were classified into high volume (HV) (≥ 180 procedures/year), medium volume (MV) (<180 and ≥74/year), and low volume (LV) (<74/year). A total of 91 centres in 26 European countries enrolled in 3368 patients. There was a significantly higher reporting of cardiovascular complications and stroke incidence in LV centres compared with HV and MV (P = 0.039 and 0.008, respectively) and a lower success rate after AF ablation (55.3% in HV vs. 57.2% in LV vs. 67.4% in MV centres, P < 0.001), despite lower CHA2DS2-VASc score of patients, enrolled in LVs and less complex ablation techniques used. Adjustments of confounding factors (including type of AF ablation) led to elimination of these differences. Conclusion  Low-volume centres tended to present slightly higher cardiovascular complications' and stroke incidence and a lower unadjusted success rate after AF ablation, despite the fact that ablation procedures and patients were of lower risk compared with MV and HV centres. On the other hand, adjusted overall complication and recurrence rates were non-significantly different among different volume centres, a fact reflecting the heterogeneity of patient and procedural profiles, and a counterbalance between expertise and risk level among participating centres

La Cappadoce méridionale de la Préhistoire à l'époque byzantine

Il y a environ 25 ans, Olivier Pelon organisait à l’Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes d’Istanbul un colloque destiné à faire l’état des recherches sur la Cappadoce méridionale jusqu’à la fin de l’époque romaine. Un quart de siècle après ce premier colloque, il était intéressant de faire un nouveau point sur l’avancée des recherches dans cette Cappadoce méridionale, de la préhistoire à la période byzantine. Ce nouveau colloque, placé cette fois encore sous l’égide de l’Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes et intégré à la série des Rencontres d’archéologie de l’IFEA réunit vingt-trois communications. Si les périodes néolithique et chalcolithique ont été particulièrement bien représentées, ce qui témoigne bien de l’importance de cette phase de la préhistoire cappadocienne, liée aux gisements d’obsidienne des Melendiz Dağları, on soulignera en revanche l’absence presque totale du Bronze Ancien. Cette phase est en effet peu représentée dans l’archéologie locale. La même remarque peut s’appliquer au Bronze Moyen. La fin du Bronze Moyen, fort heureusement, est représentée à Porsuk, de même que le Bronze Récent qui bénéficie, depuis peu, tout comme l’Âge du Fer, du démarrage fructueux des fouilles de Kınık Höyük. Enfin, l’Antiquité tardive et Byzance ont pu être représentées, principalement autour de Tyane, ce qui n’avait pas pu être le cas lors du premier colloque. En octobre 2012, quelques semaines avant la tenue de la Rencontre, on apprenait malheureusement le décès brutal et inattendu d’Olivier Pelon, ancien directeur de la mission de Porsuk (jusqu’en 2002) et organisateur de ce premier colloque cappadocien. C’est bien en hommage à sa mémoire que notre Rencontre cappadocienne de 2012 et sa publication ont été naturellement dédiées

A MSFD complementary approach for the assessment of pressures, knowledge and data gaps in Southern European Seas : the PERSEUS experience

PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES. 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.peer-reviewe

From sea monsters to charismatic megafauna: changes in perception and use of large marine animals

Marine megafauna has always elicited contrasting feelings. In the past, large marine animals were often depicted as fantastic mythological creatures and dangerous monsters, while also arousing human curiosity. Marine megafauna has been a valuable resource to exploit, leading to the collapse of populations and local extinctions. In addition, some species have been perceived as competitors of fishers for marine resources and were often actively culled. Since the 1970s, there has been a change in the perception and use of megafauna. The growth of marine tourism, increasingly oriented towards the observation of wildlife, has driven a shift from extractive to non-extractive use, supporting the conservation of at least some species of marine megafauna. In this paper, we review and compare the changes in the perception and use of three megafaunal groups, cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers, with a special focus on European cultures. We highlight the main drivers and the timing of these changes, compare different taxonomic groups and species, and highlight the implications for management and conservation. One of the main drivers of the shift in perception, shared by all the three groups of megafauna, has been a general increase in curiosity towards wildlife, stimulated inter alia by documentaries (from the early 1970s onwards), and also promoted by easy access to scuba diving. At the same time, environmental campaigns have been developed to raise public awareness regarding marine wildlife, especially cetaceans, a process greatly facilitated by the rise of Internet and the World Wide Web. Currently, all the three groups (cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers) may represent valuable resources for ecotourism. Strikingly, the economic value of live specimens may exceed their value for human consumption. A further change in perception involving all the three groups is related to a growing understanding and appreciation of their key ecological role. The shift from extractive to non-extractive use has the potential for promoting species conservation and local economic growth. However, the change in use may not benefit the original stakeholders (e.g. fishers or whalers) and there may therefore be a case for providing compensation for disadvantaged stakeholders. Moreover, it is increasingly clear that even non-extractive use may have a negative impact on marine megafauna, therefore regulations are needed.SFRH/BPD/102494/2014, UID/MAR/04292/2019, IS1403info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Firefighters: An Overview of Epidemiologic Systematic Reviews

Firefighters are exposed to carcinogens that may increase their risk of developing many types of occupational cancer. Many systematic reviews (SRs) have been produced with sometimes conflicting conclusions. In this overview of reviews, we aim to assess the conclusion consistency across the available systematic reviews on the cancer risk in firefighters. Literature searches were conducted in several indexed databases and grey literature to retrieve systematic reviews aiming to evaluate cancer incidence or cancer mortality in firefighters. Results from included SRs were analyzed according to the tumour site. Out of 1054 records identified by the search in the databases, a total of 11 SRs were ultimately included. The original studies (n = 104) analyzed in the SRs were published between 1959 and 2018. The results consistently reported a significant increase in the incidence of rectal, prostate, bladder and testicular cancers as well as mesothelioma and malignant melanoma in firefighters compared to the general population. The SRs also indicate that death rates from rectal cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are higher among firefighters. Consistent SR results suggest that several types of cancer may be more frequent in firefighters than in the general population

Bilan des études sur les guides de pratique en santé : qu’en retirer pour la santé et la sécurité au travail

The development and assessment of clinical practice guidelines has been the subject of numerous studies and analyses. Such guidelines are seen as an optimal way to ensure knowledge transfer and thereby disseminate and rationalize best practices. The aim of this paper is to examine what is known about clinical practice guidelines, from their development to their implementation and use, so as to identify key findings and determine what may or may not be relevant for occupational health and safety. The rationale underlying the development of “guidelines for guidelines” is presented, along with the viewpoints of researchers, developers, and users