35 research outputs found

    Mastering the Master Plan at the World Heritage Site of Lumbini (Nepal): The development of an evidence-based approach to evaluate the site’s economic and social impacts on local communities

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    Evidence gaps are a major challenge for cultural heritage practice and research, especially in a post-UN Agenda 2030 context where interventions and policies increasingly have to demonstrate their contributions to sustainable development. Using Lumbini Birthplace of the Lord Buddha World Heritage Site (Nepal) as a case study, this thesis therefore discusses approaches for bridging the evidence gap to monitor and evaluate more closely the social and economic impacts of heritage sites. The site of Lumbini is an important place of pilgrimage for Buddhist communities worldwide and an important visitor attraction in Nepal, with significant social, economic and religious values for local communities. The modern development of Lumbini guided by an ambitious Master Plan has generated high expectations for local and regional development. However, the evidence for the social and economic impact of the Lumbini Master Plan, and its benefits for local communities and development, remains limited. The aim of this thesis is to document site development and assess the current evidence for its economic and social impacts on local communities. The thesis develops an analytical framework to evaluate impacts of the site development, based on 10 social and economic indicators, and review the existing evidence using a data gap analysis approach. Ultimately, it pilots a methodology to initiate gap-bridging strategies, based on rapid assessment methods. Building on the existing evidence and the primary data collection, the thesis provides a critical review of the recorded impacts of Lumbini development on local communities and the role of heritage management and policies in shaping these impacts. The findings have several policy implications for management and development strategies in Lumbini. Moreover, in a context where the rich cultural heritage of Nepal and Asia is increasingly playing a pivotal role in development interventions, the thesis discusses possible applications of its methodology for evidence-building in South Asian and World Heritage sites management more widely

    Émersion des terres et développement des sols bien drainés au lac Guillaume-Delisle, Québec subarctique

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    Dans la région du lac Guillaume-Delisle, au Québec subarctique, des cônes de déjection d’âge et d’altitude variables se sont déposés tout au cours de l’Holocène sur des plages soulevées, offrant ainsi la possibilité d’étudier une chronoséquence holocène de sols. Le cadre temporel a été établi par la datation radiocarbone de 38 horizons organiques enfouis et la mise à jour de la courbe d’émersion des terres pour la région. L’émersion se serait effectuée selon un taux moyen de 5,6 m/siècle entre 8500 et 4500 années cal. BP et de 1,2 m/siècle après 4500 années cal. BP. Les analyses morphologiques et chimiques ont montré que les sols et paléosols subarctiques sableux, bien drainés et soustraits à l’influence des combes à neige, sont formés principalement par l’accumulation dans l’horizon B de matière organique humifiée combinée à de l’aluminium et du fer (podzolisation). L’enrichissement de l’horizon B en fer et en aluminium se fait lentement en suivant une fonction linéaire. La durée de pédogenèse requise pour obtenir le seuil minimal (Fep+Alp) de 0,4 % pour l’horizon Bf fixé par le Système canadien de classification des sols serait d’environ 12 400 années. Bien que théorique, cette durée indique à quel point les conditions nécessaires à la formation des podzols sont difficiles à réunir dans les sols subarctiques où la végétation demeure basse et le couvert nival peu épais.In the Lake Guillaume-Delisle area, alluvial fans of various ages and elevations were deposited throughout the Holocene over raised beach deposits, which allowed the studying of a subarctic soil chronosequence. The temporal framework is based on 38 14C dates obtained from buried organic soil horizons, and on an update of the Lake Guillaume-Delisle emersion curve. Postglacial uplift due to glacio-isostatic rebound occurred at a mean rate of 5.6 m/century from 8500 to 4500 cal. yr BP, and of 1.2 m/century after 4500 cal. yr BP. Soil morphology and chemistry showed that well-drained sandy soil and paleosoil development, when not influenced by late-lying snowpatches and snowmelt, is characterized by B horizons having a dominant accumulation product of amorphous material composed mainly of humified organic matter combined with Al and Fe (podzolisation). However, pedogenic development is weak and would take about 12 400 years to reach the minimum values of (Fep+Alp) ≥0,4% required for meeting the criteria of a Bf horizon in the Canadian system of soil classification, according to a linear function. Although theoretical, this value indicates that conditions required for Podzol formation are hard to reach in subarctic soils with low vegetation and thin snow cover

    The use of restraint and seclusion in residential treatment care for youth : a systematic review of related factors and interventions

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    Children placed in residential treatment centers (RTCs) typically present challenging behavior including aggression. In this context, restraint and seclusion (R&S) are seen as “last resort” strategies for educators to manage youth aggression. The use of R&S is controversial, as they can lead to psychological and physical consequences for both the client and the care provider and have yet to be empirically validated as therapeutic. The objectives of this systematic review are to identify the factors related to R&S use in RTCs for youth and to review the interventions aiming to reduce the use of R&S. The identification of these factors is the first step to gaining a better understanding of the decision-making process leading to the use of R&S and ultimately to reducing the use of these strategies to a minimum. Thus, the present systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, and PsycNET for articles published between 2002 and 2017. Key words used were synonyms of R&S, youth, and RTCs. Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria: must report on factors affecting the use of R&S in RTCs, must be conducted in RTCs for youth under the age of 21, and must report on original and empirical data. Factors related to the characteristics of the client, the care provider, and the environment, as well as to the implementation of programs for the reduction of R&S, were found to influence the use of R&S in RTCs. A conceptual model is presented. The implementation of programs to reduce R&S use is discussed

    The Economic Gains to Colorado of Amendment 66

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    Considérations sur les représentations prohibitionnistes en Occident

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    De la guerre au vice à la gestion socioéconomique des problèmes pouvant découler de la consommation de drogues, la prohibition nous montre qu’elle n’est pas nécessairement une solution avantageuse. D’abord, on ne comprend pas toujours pourquoi certaines substances sont prohibées et pourquoi d’autres sont en vente libre. Ensuite, la prohibition n’atteint pas son objectif premier qui est de réduire la consommation de drogues. Elle engendre plutôt plusieurs effets pervers. Ce texte note que les attitudes à l’endroit de l’usage non médical des drogues n’ont pas toujours été celles que nous avons connues au vingtième siècle. Il rappelle donc les jalons historiques qui ont conduit aux représentations prohibitionnistes telles que nous les connaissons en Occident. Il relève également les principaux effets pervers de la prohibition des drogues et conclut qu’elle est devenue une solution désuète.Whether in the context of war, vice or the socioeconomic management of drug-use problems, prohibition has shown that it is not necessarily a good solution. First, it is not always clear why some substances are prohibited and others are sold on the open market. Second, prohibition does not achieve its prime objective: reducing drug use. At the same time, prohibition produces many unintended effects. The authors remind readers that attitudes toward the non-medical use of drugs have not always been those prevalent over the last century, and in this context they review the historical background to the prohibitionist views that have taken shape in Western societies. They also focus on the main unintended effects of drug prohibition, and they conclude that it is an outmoded solution

    Chères mathématiques: susciter l'expression des émotions en mathématiques

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    Dynamique d’un front forestier sur un talus d’éboulis actif en climat tempéré froid (Gaspésie, Québec)

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    The development of the forest vegetation on a scree slope located in the valley of Rivière à Pierre, Gaspé Peninsula, was reconstructed over the last two centuries. It was established from dendroecological data that the forest limit was lower than its present position around 1850 and that the forest cover expanded until the middle of the 20th century, in spite of evidence for slope instability at the end of the 19th century. After 1950, the forest edge retreated to its present position. Annual sedimentation rates were calculated by using dendrogeomorphological methods. They were lowest (< 0.1 cm/year) during the second half of the 19th century, and increased to 0.5 cm/year during the 20th century, and up to 1.0 cm/year after 1975. Increased slope activity was likely associated with a higher frequency of frost-coated clast flows.Cette recherche a permis de reconstituer, pour les deux derniers siècles, l'évolution de la végétation forestière sur un talus d'éboulis de la vallée de la rivière à Pierre, en Gaspésie. Les données dendroécologiques ont permis de faire ressortir que la limite supérieure de la forêt était plus basse que la limite actuelle vers le milieu du XIXe siècle, que la végétation forestière a connu une phase d'expansion jusque vers le milieu du XXe siècle, bien que certains signes d'instabilité se soient manifestés dès la fin du XIXesiècle. Le front forestier a régressé jusqu'à sa position actuelle après les années 1950. Le taux annuel moyen de sédimentation, calculé par des méthodes dendrogéomorphologiques, a été inférieur à 0,1 cm pendant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle pour ensuite atteindre 0,5 cm/an, puis excéder 1,0 cm/an après 1975. L'activité plus importante dans le versant serait associée à une fréquence accrue des coulées de pierres glacées.Mit Hilfe dieser Forschung konnte man die Entwicklung der Wald-Vegetation auf einer Schutthalde im Tal des rivière à Pierre, Gaspé Halbinsel, in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten rekonstruieren. Die dendroökologischen Daten ließen erkennen, daß die obere Grenze des Waldes gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts tiefer lag als die gengenwärtige Grenze, daß die Wald-Vegetation bis in die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Ausdehnung erfuhr, wenn auch gewisse Anzeichen der Instabilität ab dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts aufgetreten sind. Der Waldrand ist auf seine gegenwärtige Position nach den fünfziger Jahren zurückgewichen. Die mit dendrogeomorphologischen Methoden errechnete durchschnittliche jährliche Sedimentierungs-Rate betrug während der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts unter 0,1 cm und erreichte anschließend 0,5 cm/Jahr, nach 1975 dann über 1,0 cm/Jahr. Die verstärkte Aktivität am Hang geht wohl auf ein häufigeres Auftreten vereister Block- ströme zurück
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