MODELAGEM DE PARÂMETROS BIOFÍSICOS PARA DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ALGORITMO PARA AVALIAÇÃO E ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DE RISCO A DESERTIFICAÇÃO

The interaction of sustainable actions to integrate social, environmental and economical programs to quantify and qualify the degrees of degradation is of vital importance in areas of risk of desertification. This research presents the application of biophysical parameters and erosion potential to evaluate environmental degradation processes and to identify areas  at risk of desertification. The paper presents a general approach that can be used in other areas with similar biophysical characteristics. The model was based on the following parameters: albedo, emissivity, temperature, NDVI, soil heat flux, soil erosivity, soil erodibility and LS (slope length and slope or topographic factor). The model was implemented by using the LEGAL programming language available in the SPRING 4.0 Geographical Information System software package. Multitemporal images of TM sensor from the dry season were used to model and to apply the algorithm for mapping and evaluating the degradation evolution in the study area. The results showed an increasing in the degree of degradation (caatinga vegetation removal, followed by soil erosion), demonstrating the potential of the model to assess desertification risks. A interação de ações sustentáveis que integram programas sociais, ambientais e econômicos e procuram quantificar e  qualificar o grau de degradação tem importância vital em áreas de risco à  desertificação. Este trabalho mostra a aplicação de parâmetros biofísicos e Potencial Natural de Erosão (PNE) na avaliação de processos de degradação  e identificação de áreas em risco de desertificação. É uma aproximação empírica e pode ser usada em outras áreas com características biofísicas similares. O desenvolvimento do modelo foi baseado nos seguintes parâmetros: albedo, emissividade, temperatura da superfície, índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), fluxo de calor no solo e potencial natural de erosão (erodibilidade do solo, erosividade da chuva e fator topográfico). Sua implementação foi feita por meio da Linguagem Espacial para Geoprocessamento Algébrico (LEGAL), disponível no SPRING – Sistema de Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas. Imagens multitemporais do sensor TM da época seca do satélite Landsat foram usadas para aplicar o modelo e mapear a evolução da degradação na  área de estudo (Bacia  hidrográfica do Rio Brígida). Os resultados mostraram um aumento no grau de degradação (remoção da cobertura vegetal nativa, seguida de erosão), revelando o potencial do modelo em acessar riscos à desertificação

MODELAGEM DE PARÂMETROS BIOFÍSICOS PARA DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ALGORITMO PARA AVALIAÇÃO E ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DE RISCO A DESERTIFICAÇÃO

The interaction of sustainable actions to integrate social, environmental and economical programs to quantify and qualify the degrees of degradation is of vital importance in areas of risk of desertification. This research presents the application of biophysical parameters and erosion potential to evaluate environmental degradation processes and to identify areas  at risk of desertification. The paper presents a general approach that can be used in other areas with similar biophysical characteristics. The model was based on the following parameters: albedo, emissivity, temperature, NDVI, soil heat flux, soil erosivity, soil erodibility and LS (slope length and slope or topographic factor). The model was implemented by using the LEGAL programming language available in the SPRING 4.0 Geographical Information System software package. Multitemporal images of TM sensor from the dry season were used to model and to apply the algorithm for mapping and evaluating the degradation evolution in the study area. The results showed an increasing in the degree of degradation (caatinga vegetation removal, followed by soil erosion), demonstrating the potential of the model to assess desertification risks. A interação de ações sustentáveis que integram programas sociais, ambientais e econômicos e procuram quantificar e  qualificar o grau de degradação tem importância vital em áreas de risco à  desertificação. Este trabalho mostra a aplicação de parâmetros biofísicos e Potencial Natural de Erosão (PNE) na avaliação de processos de degradação  e identificação de áreas em risco de desertificação. É uma aproximação empírica e pode ser usada em outras áreas com características biofísicas similares. O desenvolvimento do modelo foi baseado nos seguintes parâmetros: albedo, emissividade, temperatura da superfície, índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), fluxo de calor no solo e potencial natural de erosão (erodibilidade do solo, erosividade da chuva e fator topográfico). Sua implementação foi feita por meio da Linguagem Espacial para Geoprocessamento Algébrico (LEGAL), disponível no SPRING – Sistema de Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas. Imagens multitemporais do sensor TM da época seca do satélite Landsat foram usadas para aplicar o modelo e mapear a evolução da degradação na  área de estudo (Bacia  hidrográfica do Rio Brígida). Os resultados mostraram um aumento no grau de degradação (remoção da cobertura vegetal nativa, seguida de erosão), revelando o potencial do modelo em acessar riscos à desertificação

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Modelagem de parâmetros biofísicos em pomares de mangueira por sensoriamento remoto no município de Petrolina-PE, Brasil

Models based on remote sensing and field measurements were used to analyze biophysical parameters in irrigated mango orchards in a commercial farm at Petrolina-PE, Brazil. The SEBAL algorithm was applied to retrieve the energy balance and roughness components, including the actual evapotranspiration (ET), the resistances to water vapour transfer and soil moisture at the farm level. The Monteith model based on the absorbed solar radiation was used to determine the biomass production (BIO). The harvest index was obtained in one field experimental plot and applied to the entire farm for water use efficiency (WUE) assessment. Considering two general growing seasons the averaged total ET for a mango orchard was around 1150 mm with the daily rates between 1.5 and 3.5 mm d-1, BIO averaged 60 t ha-1 with the highest frequencies between 30 and 45 t ha-1 during outside the rainy periods. WUE values ranged from 2.2 to 4.9 kg m-3 depending on the soil moisture conditions. Mango water usage is highly productive in the study region, and to promote good irrigation management the advanced available tools like satellite and agro-meteorological data tested here proved to be strongly helpful.Pages: 63-7

Análises dos componentes dos balanços de radiação e de água por sensoriamento remoto em videiras para mesa no município de Petrolina-PE, Brasil

To achieve sustainable development and to ensure water availability in irrigated vineyards, modelling is important to estimate the radiation and water balances components at the farm scale. Landsat satellite images and an agro-meteorological station were used together models for quantification of these components in a commercial table grape farm, with a mixture of varieties, located in Petrolina municipal district, Brazil, which showed good agreements with field measurements. Considering the radiation balance components, the mean values of surface albedo (a0) ranged from 0.13 \ub1 0.02 to 0.16 \ub1 0.01; the surface temperature (T0) from 300.9 \ub1 1.3 K to 304.8 \ub1 2.2 K, and the NDVI from 0.75 \ub1 0.07 to 0.79 \ub1 0.09. In relation to the water balance components, the variation in the mean values of the soil moisture at 40 cm depth was from 0.21 \ub1 0.11 cm3 cm-3 to 0.26 \ub1 0.10 cm3 cm-3. The application of the models with agro-meteorological data of 2009 allowed the determination of the total actual evapotranspiration (ET) and the crop coefficient (Kc) for the generalized growing season (GS) in the second half of that year. The values for well irrigated vineyards varied, respectively from 440 to 550 mm GS-1 and 0.74 a 0.90. The similarity of the models results with field measurements and the trend with the crop stages gave confidence in their use with applicability in the semi-arid region of Brazil.Pages: 71-7

Update on the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology-2019

sem informação113344966

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data