Defining the Parameters for a Brush with Polypropylene Bristle When Uncovering the Root System of Maternal Plants

The paper addresses the operation of a cylindrical brush with elastic rods of bristles at the disclosure of the root system of maternal plants. It has been established that the basic components of the resistance force in the operation of a given brush is the sum of resistances caused by the soil viscosity force, the static resistance of loose particles of soil and the resistance force at removing soil particles. Based on the minimization of costs of energy, the optimal kinematical parameters have been defined for the brush with a vertical rotation axis. The value for the total resistance force is largely affected by the angular speed of the brush. In addition to the resistance force, the rods of the brush bristles are exposed to the normal reaction from the soil base. By deriving the resultant of these two forces using a method of the Legendre elliptic integrals, we have established the optimal dimensional parameters for the rods of bristles made of polypropylene. A given method has made it possible to take into consideration their significant, compared with the rods' length, deformations as a result of their bending. The rods' length has been determined to be the maximally possible one to ensure the conditions for the removal of soil from a swath that covers the root system of maternal plants of clonal rootstock. In addition, the influence of the friction force during brush operation has been investigated. This implies friction among soil particles and against the surface of the bristle rods. It was determined that the forces of friction, as well as the normal reaction of soil, have little effect on the operation of a cylindrical brush while opening the root system of maternal plants. This is due to the lack of a solid foundation when a bristle rod is at work, which in turn makes it possible to arrange the bristle rods one by one at the surface of the brush. The absence of necessity in the considerable relative stiffness makes it possible for the bristle rods to remove soil from the swath while minimizing damage to the plants. By using the Legendre elliptic integrals of second kind, we have explored the deflection of bristle rods in a cylindrical brush while opening the root system of maternal plants. The magnitude of the rod deflection during operation affects the degree of it removing the soil particles. An increase in deflection changes the angle between a working facet of the bristle rod and the soil surface. This leads to a decrease in the removal of particles and to an increase in their compaction in a swath. Therefore, we have calculated the length of bristle rods that could ensure the required operating parameters under a predefined load

Improving the Model of Object Detection on Aerial Photographs and Video in Unmanned Aerial Systems

This paper considers a model of object detection on aerial photographs and video using a neural network in unmanned aerial systems. The development of artificial intelligence and computer vision systems for unmanned systems (drones, robots) requires the improvement of models for detecting and recognizing objects in images and video streams. The results of video and aerial photography in unmanned aircraft systems are processed by the operator manually but there are objective difficulties associated with the operator's processing of a large number of videos and aerial photographs, so it is advisable to automate this process. Analysis of neural network models has revealed that the YOLOv5x model (USA) is most suitable, as a basic model, for performing the task of object detection on aerial photographs and video. The Microsoft COCO suite (USA) is used to train this model. This set contains more than 200,000 images across 80 categories. To improve the YOLOv5x model, the neural network was trained with a set of VisDrone 2021 images (China) with the choice of such optimal training parameters as the optimization algorithm SGD; the initial learning rate (step) of 0.0005; the number of epochs of 25. As a result, a new model of object detection on aerial photographs and videos with the proposed name VisDroneYOLOv5x was obtained. The effectiveness of the improved model was studied using aerial photographs and videos from the VisDrone 2021 set. To assess the effectiveness of the model, the following indicators were chosen as the main indicators: accuracy, sensitivity, the estimation of average accuracy. Using a convolutional neural network has made it possible to automate the process of object detection on aerial photographs and video in unmanned aerial systems

Associated production of prompt J/ψJ/\psi and Υ\mathit{\Upsilon} mesons in pppp collisions at s=13 TeV\sqrt{s}=13\,\mathrm{TeV}

International audienceThe associated production of prompt $J/\psi$ and $\mathit{\mathit{\Upsilon}}$ mesons in $pp$ collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13\,\mathrm{TeV}$ is studied using LHCb data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $4\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The measurement is performed for $J/\psi$ ($\mathit{\Upsilon}$) mesons with a transverse momentum $p_{\mathrm{T}}<10\,(30)\,\mathrm{GeV}/c$ in the rapidity range $2.0<y<4.5$. In this kinematic range, the cross-section of the associated production of prompt $J/\psi$ and $\mathit{\Upsilon}(1S)$ mesons is measured to be $133 \pm 22 \pm 7 \pm 3 \, \mathrm{pb}$, with a significance of $7.9\,\sigma$, and that of prompt $J/\psi$ and $\mathit{\Upsilon}(2S)$ mesons to be $76\pm 21 \pm 4 \pm 7 \, \mathrm{pb}$, with a significance of $4.9\,\sigma$. The first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third due to uncertainties on the used branching fractions. This is the first observation of the associated production of $J/\psi$ and $\mathit{\Upsilon}(1S)$ in proton-proton collisions. Differential cross-sections are measured as function of variables that are sensitive to kinematic correlations between the $J/\psi$ and $\mathit{\Upsilon}(1S)$ mesons. The effective cross-sections of the associated production of prompt $J/\psi$ and $\mathit{\Upsilon}$ mesons are obtained and found to be compatible with measurements using other particle productions

Search for the lepton-flavour violating decays B0→K∗0μ±e∓B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^\pm e^\mp and Bs0→ϕμ±e∓B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp

A search for the lepton-flavour violating decays $B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^\pm e^\mp$ and $B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp$ is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. No significant signals are observed and upper limits of \begin{align} {\cal B}( B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^+ e^- ) &< \phantom{1}5.7\times 10^{-9}~(6.9\times 10^{-9}),\newline {\cal B}( B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^- e^+ ) &< \phantom{1}6.8\times 10^{-9}~(7.9\times 10^{-9}),\newline {\cal B}( B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^\pm e^\mp ) &< 10.1\times 10^{-9}~(11.7\times 10^{-9}),\newline {\cal B}( B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp ) &< 16.0\times 10^{-9}~(19.8\times 10^{-9}) \end{align} are set at $90\%~(95\%)$ confidence level. These results constitute the world's most stringent limits to date, with the limit on the decay $B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp$ the first being set. In addition, limits are reported for scalar and left-handed lepton-flavour violating New Physics scenarios.A search for the lepton-flavour violating decays B$^{0}$ → K$^{*0}$μ$^{±}$e$^{∓}$ and ${B}_s^0$→ ϕμ$^{±}$e$^{∓}$ is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb$^{−1}$. No significant signals are observed and upper limits of${\displaystyle \begin{array}{c}\mathcal{B}\left({B}^0\to {K}^{\ast 0}{\mu}^{+}{e}^{-}\right)<5.7\times {10}^{-9}\left(6.9\times {10}^{-9}\right),\\ {}\mathcal{B}\left({B}^0\to {K}^{\ast 0}{\mu}^{-}{e}^{+}\right)<6.8\times {10}^{-9}\left(7.9\times {10}^{-9}\right),\\ {}\mathcal{B}\left({B}^0\to {K}^{\ast 0}{\mu}^{\pm }{e}^{\mp}\right)<10.1\times {10}^{-9}\left(11.7\times {10}^{-9}\right),\\ {}\mathcal{B}\left({B}_s^0\to \phi {\mu}^{\pm }{e}^{\mp}\right)<16.0\times {10}^{-9}\left(19.8\times {10}^{-9}\right)\end{array}}$are set at 90% (95%) confidence level. These results constitute the world’s most stringent limits to date, with the limit on the decay ${B}_s^0$→ ϕμ$^{±}$e$^{∓}$ the first being set. In addition, limits are reported for scalar and left-handed lepton-flavour violating New Physics scenarios.[graphic not available: see fulltext]A search for the lepton-flavour violating decays $B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^\pm e^\mp$ and $B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp$ is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. No significant signals are observed and upper limits of \begin{align} {\cal B}( B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^+ e^- ) &< \phantom{1}5.7\times 10^{-9}~(6.9\times 10^{-9}),\newline {\cal B}( B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^- e^+ ) &< \phantom{1}6.8\times 10^{-9}~(7.9\times 10^{-9}),\newline {\cal B}( B^0 \to K^{*0} \mu^\pm e^\mp ) &< 10.1\times 10^{-9}~(11.7\times 10^{-9}),\newline {\cal B}( B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp ) &< 16.0\times 10^{-9}~(19.8\times 10^{-9}) \end{align} are set at $90\%~(95\%)$ confidence level. These results constitute the world's most stringent limits to date, with the limit on the decay $B_s^0 \to \phi \mu^\pm e^\mp$ the first being set. In addition, limits are reported for scalar and left-handed lepton-flavour violating New Physics scenarios