896 research outputs found

    Π›ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠ° для суТдСний ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ… Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (IFIL)

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    Classic deductive verification is not focused on reasoning about program incorrectness. Reasoning about program incorrectness using formal methods is an important problem nowadays. Special logics such as Incorrectness Logic, Adversarial Logic, Local Completeness Logic, Exact Separation Logic and Outcome Logic have recently been proposed to address it. However, these logics have two disadvantages. One is that they are based on under-approximation approaches, while classic deductive verification is based on the over-approximation approach. One the other hand, the use of the classic approach requires defining loop invariants in a general case. The second disadvantage is that the use of generalized inference rules from these logics results in having to prove too complex formulas in simple cases. Our contribution is a new logic for solving these problems in the case of loops over data sequences. These loops are referred to as finite iterations. We call the proposed logic the Incorrectness Finite Iteration Logic (IFIL). We avoid defining invariants of finite iterations using a symbolic replacement of these loops with recursive functions. Our logic is based on special inference rules for finite iterations. These rules allow generating formulas with recursive functions corresponding to finite iterations. The validity of these formulas may indicate the presence of bugs in the finite iterations. This logic has been implemented in a new version of the C-lightVer system for deductive verification of C programs.ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ дСдуктивная вСрификация Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ нСкоррСктности ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌ. Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ нСкоррСктности ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² являСтся Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ Π² настоящСС врСмя. Π‘ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Incorrectness Logic, Adversarial Logic, Local Completeness Logic, Exact Separation Logic ΠΈ Outcome Logic, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ. Но Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊ имССтся Π΄Π²Π° нСдостатка. Π’ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ…, Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, основанныС Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ аппроксимации, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² классичСской Π΄Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄, основанный Π½Π° Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ аппроксимации. Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ стороны, использованиС классичСского ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌ случаС задания ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ². Π’ΠΎ-Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…, использованиС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° для ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… конструкций Π² ΠΈΡ… самом ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ нСобходимости Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° слоТных Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ» Π² простых ситуациях. Нашим Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, прСдставлСнным Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅, являСтся новая Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠ° для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² случаС Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. Вакая Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌ Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ итСрациями. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ для суТдСний ΠΎ нСкоррСктности Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ (IFIL). ΠœΡ‹ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌ задания ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ символичСской Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² условиях коррСктности ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² примСнСниями рСкурсивных Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ. Наша Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠ° основана Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ… Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° для Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ с примСнСниями рСкурсивных Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ итСрациям. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ этих Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ошибок Π² Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… итСрациях. Данная Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ вСрсии ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ систСмы C-lightVer для Π΄Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π° языкС C

    On the Bulk Velocity of Brownian Ratchets

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    In this paper we study the unidirectional transport effect for Brownian ratchets modeled by Fokker--Planck-type equations. In particular, we consider the adiabatic and semiadiabatic limits for tilting ratchets, generic ratchets with small diffusion, and the multistate chemical ratchets. Having established a linear relation between the bulk transport velocity and the biperiodic solution, and using relative entropy estimates and new functional inequalities, we obtain explicit asymptotic formulas for the transport velocity and qualitative results concerning the direction of transport. In particular, we prove the conjecture by Blanchet, Dolbeault, and Kowalczyk that the bulk velocity of the stochastic Stokes' drift is nonzero for every nonconstant potential

    Foresight research in management accounting: scenario forecasting and a comprehensive system of expert assessment methods in agricultural holdings

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    Foresight research in management accounting should be aimed at solving long-term perspective issues. A set of systems and methods of expert assessment is selected or developed in the course of such studies. The managerial staff of an economic entity with the authority to make strategic decisions develop forecast scenarios taking into account the opinions of competent experts involved in the economic field under consideration. Based on the fact that there can be many options for an economic future, they jointly discuss and develop a coordinated idea of ​​which option for future economic development is most preferable for an agricultural holding, taking into account the variability of the economic situation.The subject of the study is the improvement of management accounting in the part of Foresight research in agricultural holdings with a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the management of the activities of its agricultural organizations. In modern times, agricultural holdings can change the situation through competent management accounting, since competent management accounting allows companies to consolidate their activities, thereby giving good development to agriculture, both financially and in attracting highly qualified specialists, as well as the country's food security. In accordance with this goal, the main task was determined: to develop the mechanisms of Foresight research of management accounting in agricultural holdings, for the purpose of assessing the effectiveness of management of the activities of agricultural organizations included in it. Foresight participants do not try to guess the future but build a comprehensive system of measures for the development of the agricultural holding, which allow it to be achieved; this distinguishes the difference between foresight and traditional methods of planning, forecasting and budgeting in agriculture

    Π‘Π•Π›Π¬Π‘ΠšΠžΠ• Π₯ΠžΠ—Π―Π™Π‘Π’Π’Πž: Π‘ΠžΠ’Π•Π Π¨Π•ΠΠ‘Π’Π’ΠžΠ’ΠΠΠ˜Π• ΠœΠ•Π’ΠžΠ”ΠžΠ’ И ΠŸΠžΠ”Π₯ΠžΠ”ΠžΠ’ ΠΠΠΠ›Π˜Π—Π И Π£ΠŸΠ ΠΠ’Π›Π•ΠΠ§Π•Π‘ΠšΠžΠ“Πž УЧЕВА

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    In the present economic situation, effective management accounting of the activities of any agricultural enterprise implies regular monitoring using a whole range of traditional and innovative analytical and management tools. In the conditions of the modern market, the need for research of the theory and practice of management accounting and its features in relation to a specific target audience is growing. Among the diversity of agricultural organizations, the most important is to identify priorities in improving the business in order to increase its efficiency and uniqueness. In this paper, with the help of tools, various aspects of management accounting are analyzed, a new generalized direction of accounting is defined, a new concept of management accounting is given, the most effective and optimal management approaches are identified for effective decision making.The proposed measures can be applied not only by agricultural organizations, but also by other economic entities. The proposed system of management accounting in agriculture can serve as a starting point for scientific research and improvement of management accounting.En la situaciΓ³n econΓ³mica actual, la contabilidad de gestiΓ³n efectiva de las actividades de cualquier empresa agrΓ­cola implica un monitoreo regular utilizando toda una gama de herramientas analΓ­ticas y de gestiΓ³n tradicionales e innovadoras. En las condiciones del mercado moderno, la necesidad de investigar la teorΓ­a y la prΓ‘ctica de la contabilidad de gestiΓ³n y sus caracterΓ­sticas en relaciΓ³n con un pΓΊblico objetivo especΓ­fico estΓ‘ creciendo. Entre la diversidad de organizaciones agrΓ­colas, lo mΓ‘s importante es identificar las prioridades para mejorar el negocio con el fin de aumentar su eficiencia y singularidad. En este documento, con la ayuda de herramientas, se analizan diversos aspectos de la contabilidad de gestiΓ³n, se define una nueva direcciΓ³n generalizada de contabilidad, se proporciona un nuevo concepto de contabilidad de gestiΓ³n, se identifican los enfoques de gestiΓ³n mΓ‘s eficaces y Γ³ptimos para una toma de decisiones efectiva. Las medidas propuestas pueden ser aplicadas no solo por organizaciones agrΓ­colas, sino tambiΓ©n por otras entidades econΓ³micas. El sistema propuesto de contabilidad de gestiΓ³n en la agricultura puede servir como punto de partida para la investigaciΓ³n cientΓ­fica y la mejora de la contabilidad de gestiΓ³n.Π’ настоящСС врСмя Π² слоТившСйся экономичСской ситуации эффСктивный управлСнчСский ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ любого ΡΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ прСдприятия ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ рСгулярный ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π³, с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комплСкса Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… аналитичСских ΠΈ управлСнчСских инструмСнтов. Π’ условиях соврСмСнного Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° всС большС возрастаСт ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² исслСдовании Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ управлСнчСского ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ особСнностСй ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ создавшСгося многообразия ΡΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ являСтся ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ собствСнного бизнСса с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ эффСктивности ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. Π’ настоящСй Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ управлСнчСских инструмСнтов ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ аспСкты управлСнчСского ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ управлСнчСского ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°, Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ понятиС управлСнчСского ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ эффСктивныС ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ управлСнчСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ для Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ эффСктивных Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ мСроприятия ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ организациями сСльского хозяйства, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ экономичСскими ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ систСма управлСнчСского ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π² сСльском хозяйствС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΉ для Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ управлСнчСского ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°
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