Pengembangan Model E–Learning: Integrasi Video Materi Presentasi dan Google Classroom untuk Mata Kuliah Biologi Molekuler

Molecular Biology is one of compulsory courses in Medical Laboratory Technology Department. This course related with central dogma of molecular biology, such as material genetic and its expression to the protein. Student had the most difficulties learning molecular biology, since interpretation of topic is rarely difficult to understood. Furthermore, the COVID–19 pandemic situation is influencing the effective teaching at this course. This study was conducted to explore student’s evaluation on the molecular biology course using E–learning tools. We produced presentation on video and interactive discussion using Google Classroom. The study involved 119 students of grade sixth semester in Medical Technology Department, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya–Indonesia. The data were collected through questionnaire and interviews using Google Form and Zoom meeting. Result of the study indicated that 61.3% student were chosen to use the integration of video presentation and Google Classroom than Zoom meeting only. Using the method, as much as 58% the student can understand the course around 50–60%. These free–access tools are easily used by student to study and discuss the course. This study has shown that the integration of such multimedia tools, namely video presentation and Google Classroom contributes to an innovative approach in molecular biology teaching

Advances in Use of Keratinase from Feather Wastes for Feedstock Modification

Background and Objective: Enzymatic modification of protein-base materials is fast emerging as a promising tool for chemical catalysts based on increasing knowledge in enzyme reaction and devotion to achieve sustainable systems. Enzymes actively used in protein modification include proteases, especially keratinases, and their most interesting features include ability to degrade keratin to finer molecules. This review summarizes strategies for the modification of keratin using keratinase to increase functional protein-based feedstocks up-to-date. Results and Conclusion: Keratinases are useful safe agents for feather waste modification in animal feeds. Modification can be carried out either using whole microbial cells or enzyme activities through fermentation processes in costeffective environmental-friendly manners. In this study, promising outcomes in feather waste management were achieved and hence studies can be continued to treat wastes of other sources. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

Structural Studies Of Transcriptional Regulation By LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulators In Bacteria

LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) comprise one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in bacteria and control gene expression of various types of metabolic, virulence and physiological functions. LTTRs typically form homotetramers and require an inducer molecule(s) to activate the transcription of target genes. The N-terminal region of LTTRs contains a DNA-binding domain (DBD) with the winged helix-turn-helix motif that specifically binds the promoter region of target genes. The C-terminal region of LTTRs is connected to the DBD by a linker helix and forms the regulatory domain (RD) that contains a binding pocket for inducer molecules. Crystal structures of several LTTR family members together with their biochemical analyses have provided a potential mechanism for the initial process of transcriptional activation by LTTRs. First, helix α3 of the winged helix-turn-helix motif in DBD is supposed to distinguish the recognition binding site (RBS) in the promoter region, resulting in complex formation through interactions between two DBDs in the tetrameric LTTR and RBS. Formation of this complex seems to enable interactions between the other two DBDs in the LTTR tetramer and the activation binding site (ABS) in the promoter region. The binding of the tetrameric LTTR to both the RBS and ABS causes the promoter DNA to adopt a bent structure because the four DBDs in the tetrameric LTTR are arranged in a V-shaped manner at the bottom of the LTTR. Interaction of an inducer molecule(s) with the RD seems to cause a quaternary structural change of the LTTR that relaxes the bending angle of the promoter DNA with a concomitant shift of the bound DBDs at the ABS. These events facilitate recruitment of RNA polymerase to its binding site in the promoter region, which overlaps with the ABS for LTTR

Evaluation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of Motorcyle Workshop Worker Exposed to Benzene

Occupational exposure to benzene from fuel oil in workshop motorcycle workshop causes several health effects, depending upon the level and duration of exposure. Analysis of blood is important to access the status of worker’ health. The study aimed to assess the gather basic information required for protecting workers’ health and improve working conditions in the works sites by investigating the ESR levels. A comparative cross-sectional study conducted in Surabaya City, East Java-Indonesia, which involved 100 workers. The occupational data collected using a structured questionnaire while blood analysis parameters measured with an automated hematology analyzer. The result showed that leukocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit values (HCT), platelet, MCV, RDW, eosinophil, basophils, neutrophil rods, neutrophil segment, lymphocyte, monocytes were in normal value. Whereas, MCH, MCHC, ESR has shown in abnormal value as average 24.5 pg, 29.18 g/dL and 8.21 mm/h, respectively. Those value, especially in ESR value indicated the increasing concentration plasma viscosity. This is may cause by inflammation in the workers’ body. To prevent the hazardous effect of benzene exposure, occupational health should be implemented for workers in order to protect them from exposure to benzene

POTENSI SENYAWA BIOAKTIF TANAMAN KELOR PENGHAMBAT INTERAKSI ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 PADA SINDROMA SARS-COV-2

The Potential of Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds for Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction in SARS-Cov-2 Syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) is a threat to human health. This infection is determined by the interaction of the spike S1 domain protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, especially the lungs. ACE2 inhibition is an important target in controlling COVID-19. Flavonoids of medicinal plants, are known to interfere with ACE (ACE2 homologous). Therefore, this study aims to explore the ability of apiin, epicatechin, and hesperetin from Moringa oleifera in interacting with the ACE2 using MOE 2008.10. The ligand molecules were prepared from PubChem database. The ACE2 protein was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (ID 1R4L) and analyzed for the active sites. Analysis of docking scores and hydrogen bonds of ACE2-ligand complex and active site showed that the affinity of flavonoids can be ranked as hesperetin > epicatechin > apiin > C19H23Cl2N3O4. The results provided computational information that apiin, epicatechin, and hesperetin have the potential to prevent COVID-19 infection. The prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) score showed the ligand displays antiviral activity. Infeksi severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pada pandemi coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) menjadi ancaman dunia kesehatan saat ini. Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 ditentukan oleh interaksi protein spike envelope S1 domain dengan reseptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) yang diekspresikan pada sel epitel saluran pernafasan terutama paru-paru. Mekanisme penghambatan ACE2 menjadi target penting dalam pengendalian COVID-19. Senyawa bioaktif tanaman obat, seperti flavonoid diketahui mampu mengganggu fungsi banyak makromolekul termasuk ACE (homolog dengan ACE2). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi kemampuan senyawa apiin, epicatechin, dan hesperetin dari Moringa oleifera dalam berinteraksi dengan sisi aktif ACE2 menggunakan metode penambatan molekul. Studi dilakukan dengan preparasi struktur molekul ligan dari PubChem database dan diolah dengan MOE 2008.10. Selanjutnya, data protein ACE2 (Protein Data Bank ID 1R4L) dianalisis sisi aktifnya untuk mengetahui lokasi penambatan ligan senyawa. Analisis skor docking dan ikatan hydrogen komplek ligan dan sisi aktif ACE2 menunjukkan bahwa afinitas flavonoid dapat diperingkatkan sebagai afinitas hesperetin > epicatechin > apiin > C19H23Cl2N3O4. Ketiga ligan senyawa yang terkandung dalam M. oleifera secara in silico mampu mengikat sisi aktif ACE2, sehingga berpotensi mencegah infeksi COVID-19. Skor PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) menunjukkan aktivitas biologis ligan yang menyerupai antiviral

A SIMPLE METHOD OF DNA EXTRACTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM SPUTUM CULTURES FOR SEQUENCING ANALYSIS

  Background: Concern has been raised about DNA extraction from Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to its complex procedure. This study demonstrates a simple and fast DNA extraction method of mycobacterial genome to subsequent molecular investigation, such as Polymerization Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, with species-specific primers and sequencing. Materials and Methods: Total DNA was isolated from M. tuberculosis cultured by using boil method. DNA was evaluated via measures of DNA quantity and quality (absorbance at 230, 260 and 280 nm), DNA integrity (electrophoresis). Molecular tests were tested namely PCR and sequencing. Conclusions: The quality of DNA obtained is acceptable for PCR and sequencing analysis. These findings demonstrate that the method used is inexpensive and suitable for minimum infrastructure facilities. &nbsp

Bioinformatika Sebagai Metode Awal Analisis Prekursor Peptidoglikan Endopeptidase Pada Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a cell membrane sheath which plays an important role in the pathological process, namely the plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsules. Peptidoglycan (PG) are one of the cell wall components that specifically functions in the formation of cell structures and osmotic protection, consequently it becomes the target of antibacterial drugs. β–lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit PG biosynthesis caused cell death. The formation of PG is regulated by a series of ripA and ripB protein coding genes. This study aims to apply bioinformatics under DNA–based molecular technique to design primers that is capable to detecting and characterizing the M. tuberculosis ripA gene. In this study, step 1 begins on the collection of M. tuberculosis H37rv isolates, total genome extraction through the CTAB method. Step 2 are the design and analysis of primers, amplification of DNA fragments, detection of PCR products, sequencing of nucleotides and characterization of ripA genes with the MEGA5 program. The ripA gene primary design was carried out using a database from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the primer–BLAST program. From the results of sequence analysis with phylogenetic analysis (BLAST), it was obtained that the ripA gene has an amplification length of 912 bp and 100% of genes derived from M. tuberculosis. The result of gene analysis showed that bioinformatics became one of the methods to manage and analyze biological data (DNA sequences and amino acids) from M. tuberculosis. Specific primers designed in this study are expected to be efficient for use as detection primers for the PCR

BIOINFORMATIKA SEBAGAI METODE AWAL ANALISIS PREKURSOR PEPTIDOGLIKAN ENDOPEPTIDASE PADA MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Mycobacterium tuberculosis memiliki selubung membran sel yang berperan penting dalam proses patologis, yaitu plasma membran, dinding, dan kapsul. Peptidoglikan (PG) menjadi salah satu komponen dinding sel yang secara khusus berfungsi dalam pembentukan struktur dan perlindungan osmotik sel, sehingga menjadi target obat antibakteri. Antibiotik β–laktam, seperti penisilin, menghambat biosintesis PG yang menimbulkan kematian sel. Pembentukan PG diatur oleh serangkaian gen penyandi protein ripA dan ripB. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengaplikasikan teknik bioinformatika berbasis DNA molekuler untuk merancang primer yang mampu mendeteksi dan mengkarakterisasi gen ripA M. tuberculosis. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari tahap 1, yaitu koleksi isolatM. tuberculosis H37rv,  ekstraksi total genom melalui metode CTAB. Tahap 2 yaitu desain dan analisis primer, amplifikasi fragmen DNA, deteksi produk PCR, sekuensing nukleotida dan karakterisasi gen ripA dengan program MEGA5. Desain primer gen ripA dilakukan menggunakan database dari National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) dan program primer–BLAST. Analisis data secara deskriptif dengan melihat hasil dari proses ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, elektroforesis, sekuensing DNA, penyejajaran sekuens (sequence alignment) untuk menentukan analisis filogenetik. Gen ripA yang diperoleh memiliki panjang amplifikasi 912 bp. Analisis BLAST menunjukkan 100% gen berasal dari M. tuberculosis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa bioinformatika menjadi salah satu metode dalam mengelola dan menganalisis informasi biologis (sekuens DNA dan asam amino) dari M. tuberculosis. Primer spesifik yang dirancang dalam penelitian ini diharapkan efisien untuk digunakan sebagai marka deteksi dengan PCR