The North Atlantic pact

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityIt is a very difficult task to say what the North Atlantic Pact will finally mean because it will change with experience and circumstances. At this stage this giant is still in the process of being nourished and in the dormant stage. However, it will have a distinct influence in the civilization in general and to its signatories in particular. The nations which have adopted the Pact will have to sacrifice their additional national manpower, resources, and wealth. It may create an international peace or war, who can answer? Only time will tell. The primary aim of the student in the thesis was to consider the North Atlantic Pact from the point of view of a military alliance and its place in the power politics in the United Nations

Optimization Schemes for Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation and Extraction in Colloidal Quantum Dots

Multiple exciton generation is a process in which more than one electron hole pair is generated per absorbed photon. It allows us to increase the efficiency of solar energy harvesting. Experimental studies have shown the multiple exciton generation yield of 1.2 in isolated colloidal quantum dots. However real photoelectric devices require the extraction of electron hole pairs to electric contacts. We provide a systematic study of the corresponding quantum coherent processes including extraction and injection and show that a proper design of extraction and injection rates enhances the yield significantly up to values around 1.6.Comment: 5 pages, accepted by The Journal of Chemical Physic

Translation termination depends on the sequential ribosomal entry of eRF1 and eRF3.

Translation termination requires eRF1 and eRF3 for polypeptide-and tRNA-release on stop codons. Additionally, Dbp5/DDX19 and Rli1/ABCE1 are required; however, their function in this process is currently unknown. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that they regulate a stepwise assembly of the termination complex. Rli1 and eRF3-GDP associate with the ribosome first. Subsequently, Dbp5-ATP delivers eRF1 to the stop codon and in this way prevents a premature access of eRF3. Dbp5 dissociates upon placing eRF1 through ATP-hydrolysis. This in turn enables eRF1 to contact eRF3, as the binding of Dbp5 and eRF3 to eRF1 is mutually exclusive. Defects in the Dbp5-guided eRF1 delivery lead to premature contact and premature dissociation of eRF1 and eRF3 from the ribosome and to subsequent stop codon readthrough. Thus, the stepwise Dbp5-controlled termination complex assembly is essential for regular translation termination events. Our data furthermore suggest a possible role of Dbp5/DDX19 in alternative translation termination events, such as during stress response or in developmental processes, which classifies the helicase as a potential drug target for nonsense suppression therapy to treat cancer and neurodegenerative diseases

Thermal Conductivity of Periclase (MgO) from First Principles

We combine first-principles calculations of forces with the direct nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method to determine the lattice thermal conductivity k of periclase (MgO) up to conditions representative of the Earth's core-mantle boundary (136 GPa, 4100 K). We predict the logarithmic density derivative a = (partial derivative lnk/partial derivative ln rho)(Tau) = 4.6 +/- 1.2 and that k = 20 +/- 5 Wm(-1) K-1 at the core-mantle boundary, while also finding good agreement with extant experimental data at much lower pressures

Improved numerical methods for turbulent viscous flows aerothermal modeling program, phase 2

The details of a study to develop accurate and efficient numerical schemes to predict complex flows are described. In this program, several discretization schemes were evaluated using simple test cases. This assessment led to the selection of three schemes for an in-depth evaluation based on two-dimensional flows. The scheme with the superior overall performance was incorporated in a computer program for three-dimensional flows. To improve the computational efficiency, the selected discretization scheme was combined with a direct solution approach in which the fluid flow equations are solved simultaneously rather than sequentially

How well do Car-Parrinello simulations reproduce the Born-Oppenheimer surface ? Theory and Examples

We derive an analytic expression for the average difference between the forces on the ions in a Car-Parrinello simulation and the forces obtained at the same ionic positions when the electrons are at their ground state. We show that for common values of the fictitious electron mass, a systematic bias may affect the Car-Parrinello forces in systems where the electron-ion coupling is large. We show that in the limit where the electronic orbitals are rigidly dragged by the ions the difference between the two dynamics amounts to a rescaling of the ionic masses, thereby leaving the thermodynamics intact. We study the examples of crystalline magnesium oxide and crystalline and molten silicon. We find that for crystalline silicon the errors are very small. For crystalline MgO the errors are very large but the dynamics can be quite well corrected within the rigid-ion model. We conclude that it is important to control the effect of the electron mass parameter on the quantities extracted from Car-Parrinello simulations.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of Chemical Physic

Interacting Turing-Hopf Instabilities Drive Symmetry-Breaking Transitions in a Mean-Field Model of the Cortex: A Mechanism for the Slow Oscillation

Electrical recordings of brain activity during the transition from wake to anesthetic coma show temporal and spectral alterations that are correlated with gross changes in the underlying brain state. Entry into anesthetic unconsciousness is signposted by the emergence of large, slow oscillations of electrical activity (≲1  Hz) similar to the slow waves observed in natural sleep. Here we present a two-dimensional mean-field model of the cortex in which slow spatiotemporal oscillations arise spontaneously through a Turing (spatial) symmetry-breaking bifurcation that is modulated by a Hopf (temporal) instability. In our model, populations of neurons are densely interlinked by chemical synapses, and by interneuronal gap junctions represented as an inhibitory diffusive coupling. To demonstrate cortical behavior over a wide range of distinct brain states, we explore model dynamics in the vicinity of a general-anesthetic-induced transition from “wake” to “coma.” In this region, the system is poised at a codimension-2 point where competing Turing and Hopf instabilities coexist. We model anesthesia as a moderate reduction in inhibitory diffusion, paired with an increase in inhibitory postsynaptic response, producing a coma state that is characterized by emergent low-frequency oscillations whose dynamics is chaotic in time and space. The effect of long-range axonal white-matter connectivity is probed with the inclusion of a single idealized point-to-point connection. We find that the additional excitation from the long-range connection can provoke seizurelike bursts of cortical activity when inhibitory diffusion is weak, but has little impact on an active cortex. Our proposed dynamic mechanism for the origin of anesthetic slow waves complements—and contrasts with—conventional explanations that require cyclic modulation of ion-channel conductances. We postulate that a similar bifurcation mechanism might underpin the slow waves of natural sleep and comment on the possible consequences of chaotic dynamics for memory processing and learning