Evaluation of CO and NOx distributions from point (industry) sources in Körfez district of Kocaeli province with ISCST3 model

This study was performed for the modelling of the distributions of CO and NOx emissions emitted to the atmosphere from point sources in Körfez District of Kocaeli Province. ISCST3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term) dispersion model approved by the EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) was used for the study. The model uses steady state Gaussian plume flow equation for high point sources. Due to the nature of the steady-state condition, the model is able to predict distribution of emissions from point, area and volume sources within 50 km in a successful manner; therefore it is defined as a suitable model for estimating air quality. Accuracy of the estimates depends on the correct measurement of meteorological parameters in the study area, as well as the detailed and accurate emission inventory for all resources. Körfez district has a number of pollutant sources including many industrial plants, ports and docks, railway and busy traffic arteries together with a high density of urbanisation. It is one of the most polluted sites in Kocaeli region and determination and monitoring of air quality here has a great importance. For this purpose, CO emissions emitted from 20 factory chimneys and NOx emissions emitted from 15 factory chimneys were modelled and the daily and annual distribution maps were obtained. The modelling study showed that the maximum ground-level CO concentrations were calculated as 335.24 µg/m3 and 70.02 µg/m3 in daily and annual basis respectively. On the other hand, for NOx concentrations, daily and annual maximum values were calculated as 372.05 µg/m3 and 26.29 µg/m3 respectively

Evaluation of three pollutant dispersion models for the environmental assessment of a district in Kocaeli, Turkey

Air Quality Modeling is a method used to manage urban air quality. Various pollutant dispersion models are available, and each of these models is characterized by its own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the models and to determine their performance by applying them to a specific district. This study also enabled the determination of the contribution of pollution sources to the total pollution and the current air quality of the study area according to the selected pollutants. In this study, both steady-state models (the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model-AERMOD and the Industrial Source Complex Short Term Model-ISCST-3) and the Lagrangian model (the California Puff Model-CALPUFF) were used as the dispersion models. The Korfez district of Kocaeli was selected as the study area. SO2 and PM10 emissions were observed as pollutants. The statistical methods of mean squared error (MSE) and fractional bias (FB) were employed to evaluate the performance of these models. The results of the study revealed that the highest concentration varied according to the models and time options. However, when the modeling results for all of the sources were examined, the highest concentration was calculated by ISCST-3. The effect of the line source was less than the other sources (point and area). The contributions of the pollution sources differed according to each modeling program. The results of the statistical methods, which were used for evaluating the performance of the models, varied according to both the pollutant type and the time option. An overall ranking regarding modeling performance is as follows: CALPUFF > AERMOD > ISCST-3 for PM10 and ISCST-3 > CALPUFF > AERMOD for SO2. The MSE/FB results demonstrated that the predicted values were lower than the measured outcomes. Similarly, a comparison of the predicted and measured values with national and international limits revealed that various measures are necessary to reduce SO2 and PM10

Elevated CO₂ Concentration Improves Heat-Tolerant Ability in Crops

The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (aCO2) and increasing temperature are the main reasons for climate change, which are significantly affecting crop production systems in this world. However, the elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration can improve the growth and development of crop plants by increasing photosynthetic rate (higher availability of photoassimilates). The combined effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and temperature on crop growth and carbon metabolism are not adequately recognized, while both eCO2 and temperature triggered noteworthy changes in crop production. Therefore, to increase crop yields, it is important to identify the physiological mechanisms and genetic traits of crop plants which play a vital role in stress tolerance under the prevailing conditions. The eCO2 and temperature stress effects on physiological aspects as well as biochemical profile to characterize genotypes that differ in their response to stress conditions. The aim of this review is directed the open-top cavities to regulate the properties like physiological, biochemical, and yield of crops under increasing aCO2, and temperature. Overall, the extent of the effect of eCO2 and temperature response to biochemical components and antioxidants remains unclear, and therefore further studies are required to promote an unperturbed production system

Kocaeli’de evlerde, ofislerde ve okullarda iç ortam hava kalitesinin belirlenmesi

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.01.2008Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli’de farklı bölgelerde ve farklı mikroçevrelerde (ev, okul, ofis), iç ve dış ortamda yapılan örneklemeler ile aktif ve pasif örnekleme ve ölçüm teknikleri kullanılarak 2 farklı partikül fraksiyonunda (PM2.5 ve PM10) 16 ağır metal (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V ve Zn), uçucu organik bileşikler (UOB’ler), SO2, NO2 ve O3 konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, iç ortamda ölçülen konsantrasyonlarla maruziyet arasındaki ilişkiyi kurabilmek için, kişisel örnekleyiciler kullanılarak kişisel maruziyet düzeyleri de belirlenmiştir. NO2 için İç Ortam/Dış Ortam konsantrasyon oranlarının evlerde her 2 mevsimde de okullar ve ofislere nazaran yüksek bulunması evlerin iç ortamlarında NO2 kirletici kaynaklarının ofis ve okullara oranla daha baskın olduğu göstermektedir. İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının 1’in çok altında bulunması O3 ve SO2’in dış ortam kaynaklı bir kirletici olduğunu ve iç ortamlarda önemli bir kaynağının bulunmadığını göstermektedir. PM2.5 fraksiyonundaki toprak kaynaklı elementlerin iç ve dış ortam konsantrasyonlarının yüksek düzeylerde bulunması bu elementlerin iç ortamlara taşınımının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. PM2.5 kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinin As, S, V, Cu ve Cr gibi yanma kaynaklı elementler için iç ortam maruziyet düzeylerinden 2–6 kat daha yüksek olması ve bazı mevsimsel farklılıklar bulunmasına rağmen İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının genellikle 0.3–0.7 aralığında bulunması gözlenen yüksek kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinde dış ortamların etkisini göstermektedir. PM10 partikül fraksiyonunda belirlenen ağır metallerin büyük bir bölümü için İç Ortam/Dış Ortam oranlarının 1’den küçük bulunması dış ortam kirletici kaynaklarının iç ortam kirletici kaynaklarına daha baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. En yüksek UOB kirlilik düzeylerine örneklenen kişilerde rastlanırken bunu iç ortam ve dış ortam UOB kirlilik düzeyleri takip etmiştir. Her 2 mevsimde de toluen ev, ofis ve okullardaki UOB kirlilik düzeylerine en çok katkıda bulunan bileşik olurken onu etilbenzen, m,p-ksilen, stiren, nonan, hegzan, benzen, o-ksilen ve heptan bileşikleri takip etmektedir. Kentsel alanlarda elde edilen toplam UOB konsantrasyonlarının endüstriyel alanlarda elde edilen değerlerle uyum içinde bulunmuştur. Trafiğin belirteci olan bileşikler (BTEX, 1,2,4-trimetilbenzen) kentsel alanlarda yüksek bulunurken petrokimyanın belirteci olan hexane ve heptane bileşikleri endüstrinin yoğun olduğu alanlarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kentsel ve endüstriyel alanlarda elde edilen UOB konsantrasyonlarının sanayii ve trafikten uzak alanlarda elde edilen konsantrasyonlardan yüksek olması trafik ve sanayiinin tesbit edilen UOBlere olan katkısının ne kadar yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. İç ortam, dış ortam ve kişisel maruziyet kirlilik düzeylerine etki ederek hava kalitesine olumsuz yönde katkıda bulunan kirletici kaynakların belirlenmesi amacıyla Pozitif Matris Faktörizasyonu (PMF) reseptör modelleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. PMF modellemesi, korelasyon analizi, iç ortam/dış ortam oranları, mikroçevre karakteristikleri, anketler ve zaman aktivite çizelgeleri incelenen kirleticilerin en önemli emisyon kaynaklarının endüstri, trafik ve sigara kullanımı olduğunu göstermektedir. İç ortam, dış ortam ve kişisel maruziyet düzeylerinin dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde yapılan çalışmalarda raporlanan düzeyler ile kıyaslanabilir olduğu bulunmuştur. Kişisel maruziyet konsantrasyonları kullanılarak çalışmada incelenen inorganik ve organik kirleticilerden kaynaklanan sağlık riski değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ev, ofis ve okullarda örneklenen kişiler için hesaplanan “Toplam Kanser Riski” ve “Toplam Tehlike İndeksi” değerleri hem ortalama konsantrasyonlar hem de en kötü senaryo göz önüne alınarak incelendiğinde en yüksek risk altında bulunan kişilerin ev hanımları olduğu bunları öğretmenler ve ofis çalışanlarının takip ettiği söylenebilir. Değerlendirme kentsel, endüstriyel, endüstri ve trafikten uzak alanlar için yapıldığında her 3 alanda da yaşayan kişilerin birbirine yakın ve yüksek kanser riski taşıdıkları söylenebilir. Aynı değerlendirme sigara kullanan ve kullanmayan kişiler için yapıldığında sigara kullanan kişilerin kullanmayanlara nazaran yaklaşık %50 daha fazla kanser riski taşıdıkları gözlenmiştir.In this study, indoor and outdoor environment samples were taken from different regions and microenvironments (home, school, office) in Kocaeli. Through active and passive sampling and measurement techniques, 16 heavy metals (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V and Zn) at 2 different particle fractions (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and SO2, NO2 and O3 concentrations were determined. Moreover, in an effort to establish the relationship between exposure and the indoor concentrations measured, personal samplers were used to determine personal exposure levels. Indoor/outdoor concentration ratios for NO2 were higher in homes than in schools or offices in both summer and winter, which shows that sources of NO2 pollutants in indoor environments of homes are more dominant than those found in offices or schools. The indoor/outdoor ratios were far below 1, indicating that O3 and SO2 are pollutants originating from outdoor environments and that they do not have significant sources in indoor environments. The presence of high levels of indoor and outdoor concentrations of crustal elements at PM2.5 fractions indicates that these elements are transported into indoor environments at high levels. PM2.5 personal exposure levels were 2–6 times higher than indoor levels for combustion-related elements such as As, S, V, Cu and Cr, and although there were some seasonal differences, the indoor/outdoor environment ratios generally ranged between 0.3–0.7 and indicated the effect of outdoor environments on the observed high personal exposure levels. The indoor/outdoor ratios for a major portion of the determined heavy metals at PM10 particle fractions were smaller than 1, showing that outdoor pollutants are more dominant than indoor pollutants. The highest VOC pollution levels were encountered in individuals in the sample, and this was followed by VOC pollution levels in indoor and outdoor environments. In both seasons, toluene levels were the highest pollutants for homes, offices and schools, followed by ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, styrene, nonane, hexane, benzene, o-xylene and heptane. Total VOC concentrations obtained from urban areas were consistent with values obtained from industrial areas. Components that are indicators of traffic (BTEX, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) were measured at high levels in urban areas, while hexane and heptane components, which are indicators of petrochemistry, were recorded at high levels in high- industry areas. Moreover, VOC concentrations obtained from urban and industrial areas were higher than concentrations found in areas far from industry and traffic, which demonstrates the high contribution of traffic and industry to measured VOCs. This study investigated the summer and winter concentrations of selected pollutants and the relationship between indoor and outdoor environments. In order to determine pollutant sources that negatively contribute to air quality by affecting the degree of indoor, outdoor and personal exposures, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor modeling technique was used, which is a multivariate statistical analysis method. PMF, correlation analyses, indoor/outdoor ratios, microenvironment characteristics, responses to questionnaires, and time activity information suggested that industry, traffic and smoking represent the main emission sources of pollutants investigated. Indoor, outdoor and personal exposure concentration values were compared to values measured in different parts of the world, thereby evaluating consistency with the observed pollution level. Based on personal exposure concentrations, an assessment was conducted concerning the health risks associated with the inorganic and organic pollutants investigated in this study. When the calculated values for “Total Health Risk” and “Total Hazard Index” for people sampled in homes, offices and schools were examined by considering both the average concentrations and the worst scenarios, it was revealed that housewives are at the highest risk, followed by teachers and office workers. An examination of urban, industrial and far from urban, industrial and traffic areas revealed that people living in all of these three areas are subjected to high cancer risks, which are at similar levels. When the same evaluation was carried out for smokers and non-smokers, it was observed that smokers have a 50% higher risk of cancer compared to non-smokers

Kuraklık stresine dayanıklı pamuk ıslahında üstün ebeveyn ve melez kombinasyonlarının belirlenmesi

TEZ5170Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2004.Kaynakça (s. 109-117) var.vi, 117 s. ; 30 cm.

Bazı Pamuk (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genotiplerinin Verim ve Lif Teknolojik Özellikler Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışma GAP Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi (GAPUTAEM) pamuk ıslah programı ile geliştirilen yeni pamuk hatlarının kontrol çeşitlerle kıyaslanması, verim ve lif teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve öne çıkan genotiplerin tespit edilmesi amacıyla Diyarbakır’da 2012- 2014 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışma 20 adet hat/çeşit ile tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüş, denemede 17 adet yeni genotip ile 3 adet kontrol çeşit (Stoneville 468, ADN P 01 ve GW-Teks) materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. İncelenen tüm özellikler bakımından genotipler arasında önemli farklılıkların bulunduğu, kütlü pamuk verimi, lif kopma dayanıklılığı ve ilk el kütlü oranı hariç tüm özelliklerde yıllar arasındaki farklılığın önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yıl x çeşit interaksiyonu ise kütlü pamuk verimi, lif verimi ve ilk el kütlü oranı özelliklerinde önemli bulunmuştur. Üç yıllık veriler incelendiğinde denemede yer alan genotiplerin kütlü pamuk veriminin 318.15 kg da-1 ile 385.09 kg da-1 arasında değiştiği, en yüksek verimin sırasıyla MSR06-2-1, TSPXTLX06-1-75 ve SC-9-2 genotiplerinden elde edildiği, lif verimi bakımından ADN P 01 kontrol çeşidinin 156.40 kg da-1 ile en yüksek değeri gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Yeni geliştirilen hatların ilk el kütlü oranı yönü ile kontrol çeşitlerden daha yüksek değerler gösterdiği saptanırken, çırçır randımanında Stoneville 468 çeşidi en yüksek değeri göstermiştir. Lif inceliği yönünden tüm genotipler ideal incelik değerinde yer alırken, lif uzunluğu ve lif kopma dayanıklılığı bakımından GW Teks, ÇG 9 ve SET 34 genotiplerinin üstün değerler gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir

Determination of heterotic effects in breeding of Multi Adversity Resistance in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Bu çalışma, pamukta Çok Yönlü Dayanıklılık (MAR= Multi Adversity Resistance) Islahından yararlanılarak oluşturulan ve materyal olarak kullanılan $F_1,$ melezlerinin heterosis ve heterobeltiosis değerlerini saptayabilmek; ümitvar olan melez kombinasyonları erken generasyonda belirleyebilmek; anaçların heterosis ve heterobeltiosise olan katkılarını saptayarak ümitvar bulunan anaçları diğer ıslah çalışmalarında kullanabilmek amaçları ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, Çok Yönlü Dayanıklılık Islahı ile geliştirilen 4 pamuk çeşidi (Tamcot CD 3H, Tamcot HQ 95, Tamcot Sphinx, Tamcot Luxor), 3 ticari pamuk çeşidi (Maras 92, Sayar 314, Stoneville 453) ve bu çeşitlerinin 7x7 yarım diallel melezlenmesi sonucunda oluşturulan 21 adet $F_1,$, materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Güneydoğu Anadolu Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü deneme alanında yürütülen bu çalışmada, heterotik etkilerin önemli olduğu; incelenen özelliklerin tümü yönünden $F_1,$ melez ortalama değerlerinin anaçların ortalama değerlerinden daha yüksek bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek heterosis ve heterobeltiosis değerleri, kütlü pamuk verimi özelliğinde oluşmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda, 3x6 (Stoneville 453 x Tamcot Sphinx), 3x4 (Stoneville 453 x Tamcot CD 3H) ve 2x7 (Sayar 314 x Tamcot Luxor) melez kombinasyonlarının, incelenen özelliklerin tümü yönünden, en ümitvar melez kombinasyonlar olabileceği tahmin edilmiştir. Anaçların incelenen özellikler yönünden heterosise ve heterobeltiosise katkı payları belirlenmiş, kütlü pamuk veriminde en yüksek katkıyı yapan anaçların, sırasıyla, Stoneville 453, Tamcot Luxor ve Tamcot Sphinx anaçları oldukları saptanmıştır.This study was carried out to determine heterosis and heterobeltiosis values of $F_1,$ hybrid combinations obtained from Multi Adversity Resistance breeding program and selection of promising hybrids in early generations, and to find out contributions of parents to the heterosis and heterobeltiosis values and ensuring usage of these promising parents in the next cotton breeding programs. In this study, 4 cotton varieties (Tamcot CD 3H, Tamcot HQ 95, Tamcot Sphinx and Tamcot Luxor), developed by Multi Adversity Resistance breeding program, 3 commercial cotton varieties (Maras 92, Stoneville 453 and Sayar 314) and 21 $F_1,$ hybrids obtained by 7 x 7 half diallel quantitative analysis method. Investigation was conducted in the South East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute's experimental area. The results of the study indicated that there were significant heterotic effects for most of investigated characteristics. $F_1,$ hybrids had higher values than parents in terms of investigated characteristics. The seed cotton yield had the highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis values. From the study; 3x6 (Stoneville 453 x Tamcot Sphinx ), 3x4 (Stoneville 453 x Tamcot CD 3H) and 2x7 (Sayar 314 x Tamcot Luxor) hybrid combinations were determined as the most promising hybrids in terms of all of investigated characteristics. Contributions of parents to the heterosis and heterobeltiosis values for all investigated characters were detected. The results showed that Stoneville 453, Tamcot Luxor and Tamcot Sphinx had the most contribution to the seed cotton yield, respectively

Pamukta (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Çok Yönlü Dayanıklılık Islahında Heterotik Etkilerin Saptanması

This study was carried out to determine heterosis and heterobeltiosis values of F1 hybrid combinations obtained from Multi Adversity Resistance breeding program and selection of promising hybrids in early generations, and to find out contributions of parents to the heterosis and heterobeltiosis values and ensuring usage of these promising parents in the next cotton breeding programs. In this study, 4 cotton varieties (Tamcot CD 3H, Tamcot HQ 95, Tamcot Sphinx and Tamcot Luxor), developed by Multi Adversity Resistance breeding program, 3 commercial cotton varieties (Maras 92, Stoneville 453 and Sayar 314) and 21 F1 hybrids obtained by 7 x 7 half diallel quantitative analysis method. Investigation was conducted in the South East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute’s experimental area. The results of the study indicated that there were significant heterotic effects for most of investigated characteristics. F1 hybrids had higher values than parents in terms of investigated characteristics. The seed cotton yield had the highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis values. From the study; 3x6 (Stoneville 453 x Tamcot Sphinx ), 3x4 (Stoneville 453 x Tamcot CD 3H) and 2x7 (Sayar 314 x Tamcot Luxor) hybrid combinations were determined as the most promising hybrids in terms of all of investigated characteristics. Contributions of parents to the heterosis and heterobeltiosis values for all investigated characters were detected. The results showed that Stoneville 453, Tamcot Luxor and Tamcot Sphinx had the most contribution to the seed cotton yield, respectively

Yield and Fiber Technological Traits of Advanced Cotton Lines Developed By Line Tester Mating Design

The purpose of this study was to determine yield and fiber technological characteristics of advanced cotton lines developed by crossing parents which were selected in terms of their genetic diversity and genetic distances and comparing them with controls. The research has been carried out in GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center experimental area during 2013 and 2014 cotton growing season. Developed 10 advanced lines and 2 cotton cultivars (GW Teks and Stoneville 468) were used as material. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications. The statistical results showed that there were significant differences between lines/varieties in terms of all observed characteristics. The effect of year was significant for seed cotton yield, fiber yield, first picking percentage, ginning percentage, fiber fineness and fiber elongation. Year x variety interaction was significant for seed cotton yield, fiber yield, fiber uniformity index and short fiber index. According to the results of this study it was determined that Fiber Max 832 x Stv 453; Fiber Max 832 x Stv 453/2 for seed cotton yield and fiber yield; Stoneville 453, Tam 94 L 25 x Stv 453 and Fiber Max 832 x Stv 453 for ginning percentage; Tam 94 L 25 x Stv 453/2 for fiber fineness and fiber length; GW Teks, Giza 45 x Sayar 314 and GW Teks x Stv 453 for fiber strength were promising varieties

Determination the effect of defoliation timing on cotton yield and quality

This study was carried out for determining the effect of different application times at 40, 50, 60 and 70 % boll opening and untreated plot of the defoliant on cotton yield, earliness and technological properties in Southeast Anatolia Region conditions in Turkey. Maras 92 cotton variety was used as plant material in the experiment field of the Southeast Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute during 2000-2001. Defoliant was including thidiazuron + diuron chemical substance. The result of this study showed that ginning percentage, 100 seed weight, seed germination percentage, fiber fineness, fiber length, fiber strength, reflectance, elongation and seed cotton yield were not affected by the treatment; plant height and first picking percentage in 2001, fiber uniformity in 2000 were 5 % significantly affected. This study showed that application of defoliant didn’t affect significantly yield and technological properties of cotton and after 40 % boll opening the defoliant can be used