Navier's slip condition and magnetic field effects on unsteady stagnation point flow subject to a stretched plate along to viscous dissipation and Joule heating utilizing nanofluids

861-876This article mainly addresses Navier's slip boundary condition impact on two-dimensional, unsteady magneto hydrodynamic flow of electrically conducting viscous nanofluids adjacent to stagnation region due to a stretchable wall along to viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Nanofluids are taken namely silver-water, copper-water, titanium dioxide-water and alumina-water. Transformation procedure applied reduces the set of nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Resulting governing boundary layer equations are numerically solved by establishing a Keller-box method. Effects of different nanofluids, stretching parameter, slip parameter; solid volume fraction, unsteadiness parameter, magnetic parameter and Eckert number on velocity and temperature distributions are illustrated via graphs and explained in details. Computational values of local skin friction and local Nusselt number for influences of specified parameters are found out and indicated in tabular mode. Moreover, dual solutions exist by cause of negative values of unsteadiness parameter in fluid flow, fluid temperature, wall shear stress and wall heat flux

Voltage modulated electro-luminescence spectroscopy and negative capacitance - the role of sub-bandgap states in light emitting devices

Voltage modulated electroluminescence spectra and low frequency ({\leq} 100 kHz) impedance characteristics of electroluminescent diodes are studied. Voltage modulated light emission tracks the onset of observed negative capacitance at a forward bias level for each modulation frequency. Active participation of sub-bandgap defect states in minority carrier recombination dynamics is sought to explain the results. Negative capacitance is understood as a necessary dielectric response to compensate any irreversible transient changes in the minority carrier reservoir due to radiative recombinations mediated by slowly responding sub-bandgap defects. Experimentally measured variations of the in-phase component of modulated electroluminescence spectra with forward bias levels and modulation frequencies support the dynamic influence of these states in the radiative recombination process. Predominant negative sign of the in-phase component of voltage modulated electroluminescence signal further confirms the bi-molecular nature of light emission. We also discuss how these states can actually affect the net density of minority carriers available for radiative recombination. Results indicate that these sub-bandgap states can suppress external quantum efficiency of such devices under high frequency operation commonly used in optical communication.Comment: 21 pages, 4 sets of figure

Genetic population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles baimaii in north-east India using mitochondrial DNA

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Anopheles baimaii </it>is a primary vector of human malaria in the forest settings of Southeast Asia including the north-eastern region of India. Here, the genetic population structure and the basic population genetic parameters of <it>An. baimaii </it>in north-east India were estimated using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sub unit II (COII) gene.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>Anopheles baimaii </it>were collected from 26 geo-referenced locations across the seven north-east Indian states and the COII gene was sequenced from 176 individuals across these sites. Fifty-seven COII sequences of <it>An. baimaii </it>from six locations in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand from a previous study were added to this dataset. Altogether, 233 sequences were grouped into eight population groups, to facilitate analyses of genetic diversity, population structure and population history.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A star-shaped median joining haplotype network, unimodal mismatch distribution and significantly negative neutrality tests indicated population expansion in <it>An. baimaii </it>with the start of expansion estimated to be ~0.243 million years before present (MYBP) in north-east India. The populations of <it>An. baimaii </it>from north-east India had the highest haplotype and nucleotide diversity with all other populations having a subset of this diversity, likely as the result of range expansion from north-east India. The north-east Indian populations were genetically distinct from those in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand, indicating that mountains, such as the Arakan mountain range between north-east India and Myanmar, are a significant barrier to gene flow. Within north-east India, there was no genetic differentiation among populations with the exception of the Central 2 population in the Barail hills area that was significantly differentiated from other populations.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The high genetic distinctiveness of the Central 2 population in the Barail hills area of the north-east India should be confirmed and its epidemiological significance further investigated. The lack of genetic population structure in the other north-east Indian populations likely reflects large population sizes of <it>An. baimaii </it>that, historically, were able to disperse through continuous forest habitats in the north-east India. Additional markers and analytical approaches are required to determine if recent deforestation is now preventing ongoing gene flow. Until such information is acquired, <it>An. baimaii </it>in north-east India should be treated as a single unit for the implementation of vector control measures.</p

Genomic insights and advanced machine learning: characterizing autism spectrum disorder biomarkers and genetic interactions

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by altered brain connectivity and function. In this study, we employed advanced bioinformatics and explainable AI to analyze gene expression associated with ASD, using data from five GEO datasets. Among 351 neurotypical controls and 358 individuals with autism, we identified 3,339 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) with an adjusted p-value (≤ 0.05). A subsequent meta-analysis pinpointed 342 DEGs (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.001), including 19 upregulated and 10 down-regulated genes across all datasets. Shared genes, pathogenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), chromosomal positions, and their impact on biological pathways were examined. We identified potential biomarkers (HOXB3, NR2F2, MAPK8IP3, PIGT, SEMA4D, and SSH1) through text mining, meriting further investigation. Additionally, ‎we shed light on the roles of RPS4Y1 and KDM5D genes in neurogenesis and neurodevelopment. Our analysis detected 1,286 SNPs linked to ASD-related conditions, of which 14 high-risk SNPs were located on chromosomes 10 and X. We highlighted potential missense SNPs associated with FGFR inhibitors, suggesting that it may serve as a promising biomarker for responsiveness to targeted therapies. Our explainable AI model identified the MID2 gene as a potential ASD biomarker. This research unveils vital genes and potential biomarkers, providing a foundation for novel gene discovery in complex diseases

Horizontal acquisition of multiple mitochondrial genes from a parasitic plant followed by gene conversion with host mitochondrial genes

Background: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is relatively common in plant mitochondrial genomes but the mechanisms, extent and consequences of transfer remain largely unknown. Previous results indicate that parasitic plants are often involved as either transfer donors or recipients, suggesting that direct contact between parasite and host facilitates genetic transfer among plants. Results: In order to uncover the mechanistic details of plant-to-plant HGT, the extent and evolutionary fate of transfer was investigated between two groups: the parasitic genus Cuscuta and a small clade of Plantago species. A broad polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of mitochondrial genes revealed that at least three genes (atp1, atp6 and matR) were recently transferred from Cuscuta to Plantago. Quantitative PCR assays show that these three genes have a mitochondrial location in the one species line of Plantago examined. Patterns of sequence evolution suggest that these foreign genes degraded into pseudogenes shortly after transfer and reverse transcription (RT)- PCR analyses demonstrate that none are detectably transcribed. Three cases of gene conversion were detected between native and foreign copies of the atp1 gene. The identical phylogenetic distribution of the three foreign genes within Plantago and the retention of cytidines at ancestral positions of RNA editing indicate that these genes were probably acquired via a single, DNA-mediated transfer event. However, samplings of multiple individuals from two of the three species in the recipient Plantago clade revealed complex and perplexing phylogenetic discrepancies and patterns of sequence divergence for all three of the foreign genes. Conclusions: This study reports the best evidence to date that multiple mitochondrial genes can be transferred via a single HGT event and that transfer occurred via a strictly DNA-level intermediate. The discovery of gene conversion between co-resident foreign and native mitochondrial copies suggests that transferred genes may be evolutionarily important in generating mitochondrial genetic diversity. Finally, the complex relationships within each lineage of transferred genes imply a surprisingly complicated history of these genes in Plantago subsequent to their acquisition via HGT and this history probably involves some combination of additional transfers (including intracellular transfer), gene duplication, differential loss and mutation-rate variation. Unravelling this history will probably require sequencing multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genomes from Plantago

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Familial testicular tumour in two brothers - a case report

Testicular tumors account for 1% of all cancers in men and it occurs in 1 in 500 men. Incidence of familial testicular tumours is rare. Total number of cases till the year 1992 in identical twins is 21, in brothers 82 and father-son both affected in 31 pairs. We report a case of two brothers presenting simultaneously with testicular tumours. Both were subjected to retrograde orchidectomy. Histopathologic examination of one revealed embryonal cell carcinoma and other mature teratoma of the testis. Patient with embryonal carcinoma was given adjuvant chemotherapy based on Bleomycin, Etoposide and cisplatinum (BEP) and one with mature teratoma was put on a follow up

Synthesis and single crystal growth of L-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate and its characterization for higher order harmonic generation applications

The semi-organic non linear optical single crystal of L-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate was successfully synthesized and the single crystal was grown by a slow evaporation solution growth technique, using double distilled water as the solvent. The lattice dimensions of the grown crystal were examined by powder X-ray diffraction and it was found to belong to the orthorhombic crystal system with a noncentrosymmetric space group. Its crystallinity was assessed by a high resolution X-ray diffraction method and its structural imperfections were recorded using X-ray topography. The presence of functional groups was identified from heteronuclear correlation methods. Its optical behavior was examined by birefringence and photoluminescence and its optical constants were determined from UV-Vis. analysis. Its thermal and third order nonlinear optical properties were characterised by photopyroelectric and Z-scan methods, respectively. The mechanical and ferroelectric behavior was also assessed on the grown single crystal of L-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate