Why Did They Do That? An exploration of explanations as to why Europeans behave as they have towards Native People

The purpose of this paper is to encourage deeper understanding of the Native- European interaction by focusing on the question of Why Europeans acted as they did towards Native peoples. I encourage this because I'm not satisfied with the answers I have seen to this question, because answering it is central to understanding the Native- European interaction, and, lastly, because exploring and answering this Why has become timely and essential. Being dissatisfied, it follows I provide my own Why answer--and I do so below. However, it became clear in developing this paper that just as important, perhaps even more so for encouraging a deeper understanding, is an exploration of the process of how this basic question has been approached. This led me to several other Why questions: Why hasn't the basic issue of European motivations been more fully explored, considering the enormous amount that has been said and written about the Native- European interaction? Why have so few writers, Native or non-Native, even asked Why? Why do people begin to ask Why at a certain point in time and not another? And why are the Why's offered inadequate--in my opinion? All this led me to structure the paper as follows. First are some comments about levels of knowledge. Second, I report on a survey of the works of 14 writers in which it might be expected that the Why question would be taken up, which means discussing both the absence and the presence of Why answers. Third, I critique the several Whys I did find. Fourth, I give my own Why answer. And Fifth, I suggest some reasons why the Why question has not been more asked or explored

A Report on Indian Township Passamaquoddy Tribal Lands in the Vicinity of Princeton, Maine

https://digitalmaine.com/books/1135/thumbnail.jp

California\u27s Recall Is Not Overpowered

The recall is one of three direct democracy tools in California. Following the failed 2021 recall attempt against California Governor Gavin Newsom, the state recall process has been criticized for evolving beyond its intended purpose to the point of being overpowered and prone to abuse. After reviewing the recall’s original intent, we conduct a quantitative analysis of state and local recall attempts in California and compare this to other recall states. We conclude that the critique is unjustified. In California and elsewhere, state official recalls are frequently attempted but rarely qualify for the ballot, demonstrating that the existing recall system is an effective filter. We validate the charge that the recall is primarily a tool of out-party interests, but conclude that this is an intended design feature rather than an unanticipated defect. We conclude instead that California’s local recall is the better target for reform efforts, given its comparatively easier qualifying requirements, greater use, and higher success rates. Rather than deviating from its intended purpose, in its 110 years the California state official recall proved to be exactly what its Progressive designers intended: a voter weapon to menace and remove public officials, but one that is difficult to deploy. We frame the recall as less about politics and more about policy: recalls function as public opinion or policy polls and overall tend to validate existing policy. Finally, we conclude that most proposed reforms are solutions seeking a problem, and that California’s recall system merits just a few small procedural changes. The upshot is that the view of California’s recall as a force gone amok is incorrect

Everyone's all-Americans: race, men's college athletics, and the ideal of equal opportunity

Reactions to the integration of college sports provide a unique perspective on shifting attitudes toward race, manliness, equality, and the quest for civil rights. As previously-white institutions of higher learning gradually (and grudgingly) opened their playing fields to African-American athletes in men’s basketball and football, black and white spectators interpreted mixed-race team sports in often contradictory ways. This dissertation analyzes the public discourse that surrounded five black male pioneer athletes at predominantly white schools. It reveals the anxieties, hopes, frustrations, and triumphs of ordinary Americans on both sides of the color line as they encountered new public representations of black masculinity, negotiated the changing terms of racial identity, and reconsidered the American ideal of equal opportunity. Although often relegated to the realms of entertainment and leisure, college sports were central to discussions of fairness and equality in American life, as observers consistently employed sports metaphors, such as the level playing field, to discuss the ideal of equal opportunity. Just as countless Americans debated, and continue to debate, policies such as affirmative action, differing expectations of sports as a model for society revealed the tensions that underlay the significant changes in the nation’s racial politics. The range of these diverse reactions can be seen in the project’s five case studies: Paul Robeson at Rutgers College, 1915-19; the 1939 University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) football team; Wilt Chamberlain at the University of Kansas, 1955-58; Charlie Scott at the University of North Carolina (UNC), 1966-70; and the integration of football at the University of Alabama, 1969-73

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF GRAFTED LYMPHOMA CELLS : II. PARTICIPATION OF MACROPHAGES

Specific alloantibody admixed with a grafted murine lymphoma is suppressive of the graft in mice of the inbred strain native to the tumor. Suppressive capacity of the host is obviated in mice given 500 R whole body irradiation before tumor inoculation but is restored when normal peritoneal macrophages are admixed with the tumor-antibody inoculum. Other normal cell types admixed with the tumor-antibody inoculum are not effective in restoring suppressive capacity

Integrated Passanger Transport

Trend porasta upotrebe osobnog vozila uočava se u mnogim razvijenim gradovima, koji se u određenoj mjeri, suočavaju sa problemom prometnog zagušenja. Kako bi se smanjila prekapacitiranost prometnica te podigla konkurentnost različitih oblika javnog gradskog prijevoza, posljednjih se godina intenzivno razvijaju različiti modeli i strategije koji nude rješenja za navedenu problematiku. Jedan od sustava koji se dosada pokazao kao kvalitetno rješenje je integrirani oblik prijevoza putnika. Integrirani prometni sustav je način koordinirane upotrebe više vrsta javnog masovnog prijevoza osoba koje provodi više prijevoznika. Temelji se na što većem broju multimodalnih terminala sa što više stajališta različitih oblika javnog prijevoza, uz primjenu zajedničke tarife u cilju postizanja što jednostavnijeg i bržeg presjedanja te kvalitetnije organizacije javnog prijevoza putnika. Nadalje, omogućuje dugoročno planiranje i održivo poslovanje, optimalno subvencioniranje, kvalitetno prostorno planiranje te, u konačnici, bolju kvalitetu življenja. Ovim radom nastojat će se naglasiti kako je proces uvođenja integriranog oblika prijevoza putnika dugotrajan proces koji omogućuje održivost sustava javnog gradskog prijevoza.Trend of increasing use of personal vehicles can be seen in many developed cities which, to some extent, face the problem of traffic congestion. In order to reduce the overcapacity of roads and raise the competitiveness of the various modes of public transport, in recent years has been developing various models and strategies that offer solutions to this issue. One of the systems that are so far proved to be a good solution is a form of intergrated transport. An integrated transport system is a coordinated use of multiple types of public mass transportation of persons who are carried out by multiple carriers. It is based on a larger number of multimodal terminals with as many stations of different forms of public transport, with the application of common tariffs in order to achieve a simpler and faster transfers and better organization of public passenger transport. Furthermore, it enables a long-term planning and sustainable business, the optimal subsidizing, quality urban planning and, ultimately, a better quality of life. This paper attempts to point out that the introduction of integrated forms of passenger transport is a lengthy process that allows the sustainability of urban transport system

Imaging Glycosylation In Vivo by Metabolic Labeling and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification, present in over 50 % of the proteins in the human genome,1 with important roles in cell-cell communication and migration. Interest in glycome profiling has increased with the realization that glycans can be used as biomarkers of many diseases,2 including cancer.3 We report here the first tomographic imaging of glycosylated tissues in live mice by using metabolic labeling and a gadolinium-based bioorthogonal MRI probe. Significant N-azidoacetylgalactosamine dependent T1 contrast was observed in vivo two hours after probe administration. Tumor, kidney, and liver showed significant contrast, and several other tissues, including the pancreas, spleen, heart, and intestines, showed a very high contrast (>10-fold). This approach has the potential to enable the rapid and non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging of glycosylated tissues in vivo in preclinical models of disease

Donor specific antibodies after transplantation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86889/1/j.1399-3046.2010.01436.x.pd

The five dimensions of B cell tolerance

B cell tolerance has been generally understood to be an acquired property of the immune system that governs antibody specificity in ways that avoid auto‐toxicity. As useful as this understanding has proved, it fails to fully explain the existence of auto‐reactive specificities in healthy individuals and contribution these may have to health. Mechanisms underlying B cell tolerance are considered to select a clonal repertoire that generates a collection of antibodies that do not bind self, ie tolerance operates more or less in three dimensions that largely spare autologous cells and antigens. Yet, most B lymphocytes in humans and probably in other vertebrates are auto‐reactive and absence of these auto‐reactive B cells is associated with disease. We suggest that auto‐reactivity can be embodied by extending the concept of tolerance by two further dimensions, one of time and circumstance and one that allows healthy cells to actively resist injury. In this novel concept, macromolecular recognition by the B cell receptor leading to deletion, anergy, receptor editing or B cell activation is extended by taking account of the time of development of normal immune responses (4th dimension) and the accommodation (or tolerance) of normal cells to bound antibody, activation of complement, and interaction with inflammatory cells (fifth dimension). We discuss how these dimensions contribute to understanding B cell biology in health or disease.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153034/1/imr12813.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153034/2/imr12813_am.pd

Immunostimulation and Immunoinhibition of Premalignant Lesions

BACKGROUND: The immune reaction may be either stimulatory or inhibitory to tumor growth, depending upon the local ratio of immune reactants to tumor cells. HYPOTHESIS: A tumor-stimulatory immune response may be essential for survival of a neoplasm in vivo and for the biological progression from a premalignant lesion to a malignancy. Neither a positive nor a negative correlation between the magnitude of an immune-cell infiltrate and a cancer's prognosis can reveal whether the infiltrate was stimulating or inhibiting to the tumor's growth unless the position on the nonlinear curve that relates tumor growth to the magnitude of the immune reaction is known. DISCUSSION: This hypothesis is discussed in relation to the development of human malignant melanomas and colorectal cancers