Kovanje rata u Sisku kroz pisanje lista Slobodni tjednik u razdoblju od 1990.-1993. godine

Psihološki faktor u ratu jednako je važan kao i vojni. Cilj propagande je držati visoki moral vlastitog stanovništva te poticati mržnju prema neprijatelju. U Prvom svjetskom ratu države su prvi puta koristile propagandu kao sredstvo ratovanja da bi je u Drugom svjetskom ratu Goebbels usavršio, zahvaljujući čemu je mobiliziran toliko velik broj Nijemaca. Prije raspada Jugoslavije mediji su pripremali teren za ratove potičući nacionalizam, za što su imali potporu vladajućih struktura. U Hrvatskoj je vladajuća stranka HDZ postavljala svoje ljude na ključna mjesta vodećih medija. Slobodni tjednik, iako je bio privatan medij, također se priključio podupiranju rastućeg nacionalizma te stajao uz vladajuću stranku sve do pada Vukovara kada je počeo optuživati HDZ za izdaju. Hrvatska je u srpnju 1991. ušla u stanje otvorenog rata sa srpskim pobunjenicima. Topnički napadi na Sisak započeli su 2. rujna iste godine i trajali sve do siječnja 1992.kada je potpisano primirje. Do Oluje i konačnog završetka rata u Hrvatskoj, Sisak se nalazio na samoj liniji obrane, samo nekoliko kilometara od okupiranog područja. U ljeto i jesen 1991. događaju se ubojstva srpskih civila, provedena bez ikakvih suđenja i znanja njihovih obitelji. Procjenjuje se da je broj žrtava između 100 i 150, no budući da to nije potvrđeno, u radu smo se koristili brojkom od 55 žrtava za koje su utvrđene okolnosti i datum ubojstva. Analizom sadržaja Slobodnog tjednika utvrđeno je kako je taj list širio ratnu propagandu i kako je intenzitet ratne propagande u u odnosu s intenzitetom ratnih zločina počinjenih prema srpskom civilnom stanovništvu u Sisku. Međutim, ujedno se radi i o razdoblju u kojem su ratna zbivanja bila na vrhuncu, stoga se ne može utvrditi jasnija povezanost.In matters of war, the psychological factor is equally important as the military one. As such, the aim of propaganda is the upkeep of moral of the domestic population, as is the encouragement and nurturing of hatred toward the enemy. During WWI, the involved country-states, utilized planned and systematic propaganda as a means of warfare for the first time. Such methods were later embraced and perfected by Josef Goebbels, resulting in the success of massive military mobilization of the German populace. Before the fall of Yugoslavia, the media set the terrain for the ensuing wars by encouraging and rallying nationalism, with the implicit and explicit support of the ruling establishment. In Croatia, the then ruling HDZ party, implemented their own personnel and members into key positions of the leading media. ST, although a privately owned media, unequivocally supported and enticed the growing nationalism, and the politics of the ruling party, until the fall of Vukovar, where it accused HDZ of treason. Croatia entered the state of open warfare with the Serb insurgents in July of 1991, while the JNA artilery attacks on Sisak commenced on September 2nd of the same year. The artillery shelling continued until January of 1992, when a truce treaty was signed and enacted. Up until operation Storm, and the final end of armed conflict in Croatia, Sisak remained at the front lines of defense, just a few kilometers from the occupied territories. During the period of summer and fall of 1991, the executions of the Serb civilians occur and surface. They were enacted outside any trial or legal proceedings and without the knowledge of the victims' families. The number of victims is, by various concurring sources and testimonies, assessed to be between 100 and 150, but since this information has not been formally acknowledged, this research used the number of 55 such casualties, for which the circumstances and the date of execution were determined. Analyzing the content of Slobodni tjednik, it was determined that this publication used, created and dispersed war propaganda, and that the intensity of such propaganda was in relation with the intensity of war crimes committed against the Serb civilian population of Sisak. However, during this period the armed conflict in general reached it's peak, as such, at this time, we were unable to determine an empirical link

Nitrogen fertilization and mulching effect watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) vegetative, physiological, and organoleptic properties and yield components

Lubenica je važna poljoprivredna kultura, uzgaja se radi ploda peponisa, koji se iskorištava u tehnološkoj zrelosti, a konzumira najčešće svjež. Iako sadrži preko 90 % vode, plod je bogat nutritivnim i antioksidativnim spojevima. Lubenica je jednogodišnja termofilna kultura i visokih zahtjeva za količinom svjetla. Dušik je jedno od najznačajnijih i najzastupljenijih makrohraniva za formiranje prinosa i kvalitete plodovitog povrća. Intenzivna poljoprivredna praksa te istraživanja upućuju na obročnu gnojidbu lubenice dušikom, fertirigacijom po pojedinim fenofazama, u različitim preporučenim dozama. Lubenica se u intenzivnoj poljoprivrednoj praksi najčešće uzgaja na crnom polietilenskom (PE) filmu koji uz mnoge druge dobrobiti povećava i iskoristivost hraniva. Malčevi utječu još i na mikroklimatsko okruženje biljke: temperaturu tla u zoni korijena, apsorpciju i refleksiju svjetla od malča te na dostupnost fotosintetski aktivne radijacije (FAR). Ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrditi optimalnu razinu dušika i tip malča koji će najbolje utjecati na vegetativni rast, prinos i kvalitetu ploda lubenice te najpovoljniji učinak na mikroklimatsko okruženje lubenice i sve mjerene pokazatelje. Dvogodišnji poljski pokus s dva faktora postavljen je po metodi split-plot u tri ponavljanja na lokaciji u blizini Pule, u Istri. Gnojidba dušikom bila je glavni faktor u četiri razine (kontrola, 60, 120 i 180 kg N ha-1), a malčiranje podfaktor u tri razine (nepokriveno tlo, slama pšenice, crni PE-film). Prikupljani su i mikroklimatski podaci o temperaturi tla i zraka te količina reflektiranog FAR-a. Mjereni su pokazatelji vegetativnog porasta, ukupan dušik lista, HNT broj, pokazatelji fotosinteze, prinos i sastavnice, fizikalna svojstva i topiva suha tvar ploda te senzorna analiza ploda uz pomoć panela. Više doze dušika nisu utjecale na povećanje vegetativnog rasta, ukupnog prinosa, i sastavnica, sadržaja topive suhe tvari ploda, ali su utjecale na višu organoleptičku ocjenu ploda lubenice u obje godine. Malčiranje crnim PE-filmom, najpovoljnije je utjecalo na rani vegetativni rast lubenice, viši HNT broj lista lubenice, na prinos i sastavnice u ranim berbama 2010. godine. S druge strane, u kasnim berbama 2010. godine najviši broj i prinos tržnih plodova imale su lubenice uzgajane na slami. Upotreba crnog PE-filma djelovala je povoljnije od ostalih malčeva na sumu toplinskih jedinica u zoni korijena (STT) te na tjedne prosječne temperature pet centimetara ispod tla, dok je najveća refleksija FAR zabilježena pri malčiranju slamom. Kombinacija crni PE-film uz kontrolnu gnojidbu od 42 kg N ha-1 dovoljna je za pozitivne vrijednosti vegetativnog rasta, ranog prinosa te fizikalnih svojstava ploda. Za najvišu organoleptičku kvalitetu ploda, uz crni PE-malč dovoljna je gnojidba od 60 kg N ha-1. Najpovoljnije mikroklimatske uvjete, prosječnu tjednu temperaturu i STT, moguće je postići malčiranjem crnim PE-filmom.Watermelon is grown all over the world at 3.5 million ha with production of a 117 million tons, tons, most of which is in Asia (82.6 %) and only 5.7 % in Europe. Watermelon prefers dry, warm climate and is very sensitive to frost. It is grown for its fruit peponis, which is mostly consumed fresh. In the chapter Overview of previous research presented studies show how nitrogen has a key role in all meristem functions, photosynthesis and protein synthesis in all plant organs. Nitrogen fertilization is necessary to obtain high crop yields, however. There is a strong possibility of nitrogen leakage and ground water contamination especially in karst regions like Istria. Fertirrigation is a widely used technology of vegetable production which provides water and nutrients necessary for plant growth. Common agricultural practice for intensive watermelon productions based on soil mulching with black PE-film and fertirrigation. Straw mulch or bare ground is usually used in organic agriculture. Effects of soil mulching with polyethylene (PE) mulches, especially with black PE-film, are higher early growth and yield, higher number of fruits and total yield, better water and mineral uptake and crops pest resistance. Depending on material characteristics, various polymer or plant mulches have different impacts on crops, which could be seen as effects on plants microclimate: temperature and available photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Studies show how the most influential microclimate factor is the root zone temperature (RZT), which rises under black PE-mulch, but decreases under straw mulches, compared to bare ground. Enhanced RZT stimulates root growth, water and minerals uptake and results in a higher growth degree day’s sum. In the chapter Material and methods the course of research and data processing is presented. The aim of the research was to determine nitrogen rate and mulch type impact on watermelon early vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality and watermelon microclimate conditions. Two-year field trial was set up in Valtura (44°52’52.7”N; 13°53’52.8”E), south Istria as two factorial experiment according to split–plot scheme with three replications. The first factor was additional nitrogen rate: 0 – control, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 and the second factor was mulch type: bare ground, straw and black PE-film. Data was collected on vegetative growth parameters (main vine length, diameter and number of leaves, number of secondary vines longer than 2.5 cm), total leaf nitrogen, HNT index, photosynthesis parameters, yield components fruit physical parameters and soluble dry matter, and also fruit panel sensory evaluation. Microclimate data was collected: RZT was measured with temperature sensors placed under mulches, 5 cm below the soil surface, also air temperature 5 cm above the soil and mulches and PAR reflected from the soil and mulch surface. The obtained results of the research showed that higher nitrogen doses didn’t increase vegetative growth, total yield and yield components, fruit soluble dry matter, but increased fruit sensory ratings in both years. Black PE-film increased early vegetative growth, higher HNT index, early yield and yield components in 2010. Straw mulch had the highest marketable fruit yield and number in late harvests of 2010. Black PE-film had higher growing degree days sum (GDD) and higher weekly average temperature 5 cm below the surface than straw mulch and bare ground. Highest reflected PAR was recorded on straw mulch. Black PE-film and nitrogen fertilization of 42 kg ha-1 is enough for high early vegetative growth results, early yield and fruit physical parameters. Black PE – film with nitrogen fertilization of 60 kg ha-1 is enough for achieving the highest organoleptic fruit quality. The best microclimate conditions for watermelon growth: highest weekly average temperature and GDD, was achieved with usage of black PE –film as mulch

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Vegetative Growth as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization and Soil Mulching

Mulch type could have different impacts on crops, especially in changing the root zone temperature (RZT) and microclimate around plants. The aim of research was to determine nitrogen rate and mulch type impact on watermelon early vegetative growth and RZT in order to single out the combinations with the most intensive watermelon vegetative growth in Mediterranean conditions. The split-plot field experiment was conducted during two years and included additional nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1) and mulches (black PE-film, straw, bare ground). The most intensive watermelon vegetative growth can be achieved without additional nitrogen fertilization, only by mulching the soil with black PE-film or with the least rate of additional nitrogen (60 kg N ha-1) and straw mulch. Due to environmental conservation, especially in karst regions, these combinations should be preferred over the combination with large rate of additional nitrogen (120 kg N ha-1) and bare soil which had the equal growth intensity. Positive effect of black PE-film is the result of the highest values of RZT, i.e., accumulated heat (growth degree days – GDD) during the six weeks after planting. Although the maximum and mean RZT and GDD values below the straw were lower than on the bare ground, the positive effect of straw on vegetative growth can be explained by higher minimum RZT and better nutrient availability and utilization, due to other benefits of mulching such as better maintance of soil moisture and structure

Proizvodni potencijal i ekonomska održivost proizvodnje hrvatskih ekotipova buhača

Croatia is pyrethrums indigenous growing zone and among rare places in the world where wild populations are found intact in nature. Aim of this research was to explore production potential of Croatian wild pyrethrum ecotypes, and its use in breeding programs. Three wild ecotypes were tested for morphological traits and yield parameters. Plant height, number of flowers per plant, lodging, fresh and dry flower yield were not affected by ecotype in productive seasons (second and third). However, ecotypes differed in plant diameter and mass of 100 flowers. Positive linear regression among plant height, plant diameter, and number of flowers per plant with flower yield per plant (fresh and dry) was found, but these traits did not correlate with lodging. Even thought no significant differences were found between ecotype yields, financial analysis revealed the difference between ecotype profitability. Positive financial result was obtained in third season of growing with ecotypes 2 and 3. High costs of labour could be the main constraint in commercial pyrethrum production. Tested wild ecotypes, showed good productive characteristics and profitability potential, but there is a need for high yield breeding, and selection for traits adjusted to the use of agro-mechanization.Hrvatska je originalna zona uzgoja buhača i među rijetkim zemljama na svijetu gdje je još moguće pronaći divlje populacije netaknute u prirodi. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti proizvodni potencijal i korištenje u oplemenjivačkim programima divljih ekotipova buhača. Testirana su tri divlja ekotipa iz Hrvatske na morfološka svojstva i parametre. Visina biljke, broj cvjetova po biljci, polijeganje, prinos svježeg i suhog cvata, nisu ovisili o ekotipu u drugoj i trećoj proizvodnoj sezoni. S druge strane, ekotipovi su se razlikovali u promjeru biljke i masi 100 cvjetova. Pronađena je pozitivna linearna regresija između visine biljaka, promjera biljaka, broja cvjetova po biljci te prinosa. S druge strane, navedeni parametri nisu bili u korelaciji sa polijeganjem. Iako između ekotipova nije bilo razlike u prinosima, financijska analiza upućuje na razlike u profitabilnosti. Pozitivni financijski rezultat postignut je u trećoj proizvodnoj sezoni sa ekotipovima 2 i 3. Najvažniji ograničavajući faktor komercijalne proizvodnje buhača mogla bi biti visoka cijena rada. Testirani ekotipovi pokazali su dobre proizvodne karakteristike i potencijalno su profitabilni, ali postoji potreba za oplemenjivanjem u svrhu stvaranja kultivara viših prinosa te prilagođenih upotrebi mehanizacije

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Vegetative Growth as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization and Soil Mulching

Mulch type could have different impacts on crops, especially in changing the root zone temperature (RZT) and microclimate around plants. The aim of research was to determine nitrogen rate and mulch type impact on watermelon early vegetative growth and RZT in order to single out the combinations with the most intensive watermelon vegetative growth in Mediterranean conditions. The split-plot field experiment was conducted during two years and included additional nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1) and mulches (black PE-film, straw, bare ground). The most intensive watermelon vegetative growth can be achieved without additional nitrogen fertilization, only by mulching the soil with black PE-film or with the least rate of additional nitrogen (60 kg N ha-1) and straw mulch. Due to environmental conservation, especially in karst regions, these combinations should be preferred over the combination with large rate of additional nitrogen (120 kg N ha-1) and bare soil which had the equal growth intensity. Positive effect of black PE-film is the result of the highest values of RZT, i.e., accumulated heat (growth degree days – GDD) during the six weeks after planting. Although the maximum and mean RZT and GDD values below the straw were lower than on the bare ground, the positive effect of straw on vegetative growth can be explained by higher minimum RZT and better nutrient availability and utilization, due to other benefits of mulching such as better maintance of soil moisture and structure

Morphological and Biochemical Diversity of Shallot Landraces Preserved Along the Croatian Coast

Shallots are a valuable minor Allium crop, and are propagated vegetatively and maintained in home gardens across generations along the Croatian coast and island areas. Shallot landraces growing along the Croatian coast fall into three genotypes: Allium cepa Aggregatum group (2n = 2x = 16), A. × proliferum (Moench) Schard. (2n = 2x = 16), and A. × cornutum Clementi ex Vis. (2n = 3x = 24), among which A. × cornutum is the most widespread. The aim of this study was to differentiate shallot accessions collected from local farmers using morphological markers. Also, the chemical composition including phenolic content, phenolic profile, total antioxidant capacity, and mineral composition, of shallot accessions was compared with that of the local landraces of common onion, and with market available shallot and common onion cultivars. Based on morphological observations and using multivariate classification, shallot landraces were classified into three distinct groups. Properties, based on which A. × cornutum can be differentiated from A. cepa Aggregatum and A. × proliferum, are stamen morphology, stamen length, leaf and scape vegetative properties, number of bulbs in cluster, cluster mass, and bulb diameter. Flower diameter and flower pedicel length differentiate A. × cornutum and A. × proliferum from A. cepa Aggregatum. Significant variability was observed in the biochemical profiles across tested accessions. Compared with the commercial common onion cultivars, local shallot accessions have higher bulb N, P, and K content. The major phenolic compounds identified in shallots were quercetin-4′-glucoside and quercetin-3,4′-diglucoside. Additionally, several other minor phenolic compounds were also identified. Morphological and biochemical profiles were evaluated using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. Specific morphological traits and biochemical markers for possible species identification are proposed

Winery Production Residues as Feedstocks within the Biorefinery Concept

The concept of biorefinery was introduced as a response to the global energy crisis and climate change resulting from industrialization. Wineries produce large amounts of organic residues (grape pomace, skins, seeds, vinasse, wastewater), which are potential feedstocks for biorefineries for the sustainable production of biofuels and bio-based products (chemicals, materials, biopolymers, food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals), while reducing the environmental impact, which is the core of the circular bioeconomy

Winery Production Residues as Feedstocks within the Biorefinery Concept

The concept of biorefinery was introduced as a response to the global energy crisis and climate change resulting from industrialization. Wineries produce large amounts of organic residues (grape pomace, skins, seeds, vinasse, wastewater), which are potential feedstocks for biorefineries for the sustainable production of biofuels and bio-based products (chemicals, materials, biopolymers, food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals), while reducing the environmental impact, which is the core of the circular bioeconomy

Primjena GIS-a za izdvajanje riječnih terasa na digitalnome modelu terena izrađenome pomoću LIDAR-a, dolina rijeke Save, SZ od Zagreba

River terraces and floodplains indicate channel-sediment dynamics and represent important landform features, which can be used to untangle the evolutionary history of climate and tectonic conditions in a certain area. With the availability of high-resolution topographic data, it has recently become feasible to apply GIS procedures for the identification of these subtle landform features. In this study, the TerEx Toolbox, a GIS extension for semiautomatic terrace extraction was applied on the LiDAR based DEM of the Sava River, west of Zagreb in Croatia. The aim of this research was to compare results obtained by TerEx to the existing geological map from the 1970s, which shows sediments of the recent flow (routinely flooded area) and two abandoned Holocene river terraces in the study area. The TerEx output was validated using hillshaded DEM, a historical map of the study area, orthophoto imagery, topographic cross sections and field investigations. TerEx has successfully extracted Holocene terraces and risers shown on the geological map but in some parts of the study area, their position and extent was different. The presented study shows that results obtained by TerEx, in particular if used in combination with other data sources, can effectively focus fieldwork and contribute to new unbiased interpretation of terrain morphology.Riječne terase i poplavne ravnice pokazatelj su dinamike korita i sedimenta te predstavljaju važne reljefne oblike koje je moguće iskoristiti za istraživanje razvoja klimatskih uvjeta i tektonskih odnosa. Dostupnost topografskih podataka visoke razlučivosti omogućila je primjenu GIS postupaka za njihovo prepoznavanje. U ovome istraživanju TerEx Toolbox, GIS aplikacija za poluautomatsko izdvajanje terasa primijenjena je na DEM izrađen pomoću LiDAR-a za područje rijeke Save u Hrvatskoj zapadno od Zagreba. Cilj je istraživanja bio usporediti osnovnu geološku kartu izrađenu sedamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća koja pokazuje na ovome području sedimente recentnoga toka (redovito plavljen) i dvije holocenske riječne terase. Analiza rezultata TerExa provedena je korištenjem DEM-a prikazanoga kao osjenčani reljef, povijesnih karata, ortofoto snimaka, topografskih profila i terenskih istraživanja. Rezultati su pokazali da je aplikacija TerEx uspješno izdvojila obje holocenske riječne terase i njihove strmce, ali je pokazala neke razlike u njihovu protezanju i smještaju. Provedeno istraživanje pokazuje da rezultati dobiveni pomoću aplikacije TerEx posebice ako se koriste zajedno s drugim izvorima podataka mogu učinkovito usmjeriti terenski rad i doprinijeti novoj nepristranoj interpretaciju morfologije nekoga područja

The effects of the level of physical activity on calcaneal ultrasound measurements: bone properties of medical and physical education students

The aim of the study was to compare bone properties of two groups of students which strongly differ in the level of their everyday physical activity; the School of Medicine (SM) students and the Faculty of Physical Education (FPE) students, University of Zagreb. Quantitative ultrasound parameters--broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) were measured. Quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) and estimated bone mineral density (BMD) were calculated by the device software. The final study sample consisted of 165 students from SM (94 males and 71 females) and 215 students from the FPE (164 males, 51 females). Sixty eight percent of FPE students and 21% of SM students reported a high level of everyday physical activity (P < 0.001). All ultrasound parameters were significantly higher in FPE students than in SM students (at the P < 0.001 level). The multiple regression model of the QUI confirmed that the school students attended was the single significant predictor variable for both genders. Our data indirectly showed the beneficial role of physical activity on bone properties