41 research outputs found
Adjustment of pulmonary O2 uptake, muscle deoxygenation and metabolism during moderate-intensity exercise transitions initiated from low and elevated baseline metabolic rates
When instantaneous step-wise transitions within the moderate intensity domain are initiated from elevated metabolic rates, the rate of pulmonary oxygen uptake (VÌO2p) adjustment is slowed, and the VÌO2p gain (ÎVÌO2p /ÎWR) is greater. This study sought to determine the relationship between VÌO2p kinetics and metabolic activity and energy status during step transitions from low and elevated metabolic rates within the moderate intensity domain. Ten young men completed six double-step constant load cycling bouts, consisting of step-wise transitions from 20 W to 45% ΞL and 45% ΞL [lower step (LS)] to 90% ΞL [upper step (US)], one double-step bout included needle biopsies at; baseline, steady-state values and during transitions. Gas exchange was analyzed breath-by-breath and muscle de-oxygenation status ([HHb]) was measured with near infrared spectroscopy. The VÌO2p gain in the US (10.37 ± 1.49) was greater (p2p (ÏVÌO2p) in the US (34 ± 12) was slower (pamp in the US (3.5 ± 2.6) was decreased (pfree] and [Pi] concentration was increased (p15) and remained elevated relative to baseline through the protocol
The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on the Muscle Stem Cell Response
Satellite cells are indispensable for skeletal muscle repair and regeneration and are associated with muscle growth in humans. Aerobic exercise training results in improved skeletal muscle health also translating to an increase in satellite cell pool activation. We postulate that aerobic exercise improves satellite cell function in skeletal muscle
Exercise conditioning in old mice improves skeletal muscle regeneration
Skeletal muscle possesses the ability to regenerate after injury, but this ability is impaired or delayed with aging. Regardless of age, muscle retains the ability to positively respond to stimuli, such as exercise. We examined whether exercise is able to improve regenerative response in skeletal muscle of aged mice. Twentyâtwoâmonthâold male C57Bl/6J mice (n = 20) underwent an 8âwk progressive exercise training protocol [old exercised (OâEx) group]. An old sedentary (OâSed) and a sedentary young control (YâCtl) group were included. Animals were subjected to injections of cardiotoxin into the tibialis anterior muscle. The tibialis anterior were harvested before [OâEx/OâSed/ YâCtl control (CTL); n = 6], 10 d (OâEx/OâSed/YâCtl d 10; n = 8), and 28 d (OâEx/OâSed/YâCtl d 28; n = 6) postinjection. Average fiber crossâsectional area was reduced in all groups at d 10 (CTL: OâEx: 2499 ± 140; OâSed: 2320 ± 165; YâCtl: 2474 ± 269; d 10: OâEx: 1191 ± 100; OâSed: 1125 ± 99; YâCtl: 1481 ± 167 ÎŒm2; P 0.05). Satellite cell content was greater at CTL in OâEx (2.6 ± 0.4 satellite cells/100 fibers) compared with OâSed (1.0 ± 0.1% satellite cells/100 fibers; P < 0.05). Exercise conditioning appears to improve ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate after injury in aged mice.âJoanisse, S., Nederveen, J. P., Baker, J. M., Snijders, T., Iacono, C., Parise, G. Exercise conditioning in old mice improves skeletal muscle regeneration. FASEB J. 30, 3256â3268 (2016)
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are located at a closer proximity to capillaries in healthy young compared with older men
Background Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) are instrumental in maintenance of muscle fibres, the adaptive responses to exercise, and there is an ageârelated decline in SC. A spatial relationship exists between SC and muscle fibre capillaries. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether chronologic age has an impact on the spatial relationship between SC and muscle fibre capillaries. Secondly, we determined whether this spatial relationship changes in response to a single session of resistance exercise. Methods Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of previously untrained young men (YM, 24â±â3âyears; nâ=â23) and older men (OM, 67â±â4âyears; nâ=â22) at rest. A subset of YM (nâ=â9) performed a single bout of resistance exercise, where additional muscle biopsies taken at 24 and 72âh postâexercise recovery. Skeletal muscle fibre capillarization, SC content, and activation status were assessed using immunofluorescent microscopy of muscle cross sections. Results Type II muscle fibre SC and capillary content was significantly lower in the YM compared with OM (Pâ<â0.05). Furthermore, type II muscle fibre SC were located at a greater distance from the nearest capillary in OM compared with YM (21.6â±â1.3 vs. 17.0â±â0.8â”m, respectively; Pâ<â0.05). In response to a single bout of exercise, we observed a significant increase in SC number and activation status (Pâ<â0.05). In addition, activated vs. quiescent SC were situated closer (Pâ<â0.05) to capillaries. Conclusions We demonstrate that there is a greater distance between capillaries and type II fibreâassociated SC in OM as compared with YM. Furthermore, quiescent SC are located significantly further away from capillaries than active SC after single bout of exercise. Our data have implications for how muscle adapts to exercise and how aging may affect such adaptations
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with human muscle satellite cell differentiation in response to muscle-damaging exercise
Muscle satellite cell (SC) regulation is a complex process involving many key signalling molecules. Recently, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) has implicated in SC regulation in animals. To date, little is known regarding the role of BDNF in human SC function in vivo. Twenty-nine males (age, 21 ± 0.5 years) participated in the study. Muscle biopsies from the thigh were obtained prior to a bout of 300 maximal eccentric contractions (Pre), and at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 96 h postexercise. BDNF was not detected in any quiescent (Pax7+/MyoDâ) SCs across the time-course. BDNF colocalized to 39% ± 5% of proliferating (Pax7+/MyoD+) cells at Pre, which increased to 84% ± 3% by 96 h (P < 0.05). BDNF was only detected in 13% ± 5% of differentiating (Pax7â/MyoD+) cells at Pre, which increased to 67% ± 4% by 96 h (P < 0.05). The number of myogenin+ cells increased 95% from Pre (1.6 ± 0.2 cells/100 myofibres (MF)) at 24 h (3.1 ± 0.3 cells/100 MF) and remained elevated until 96 h (cells/100 MF), P < 0.05. The proportion of BDNF+/myogenin+ cells was 26% ± 0.3% at Pre, peaking at 24 h (49% ± 3%, P < 0.05) and remained elevated at 96 h (P < 0.05). These data are the first to demonstrate an association between SC proliferation and differentiation and BDNF expression in humans in vivo, with BDNF colocalization to SCs increasing during the later stages of proliferation and early differentiation
Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle plasticity
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are considered to play a crucial role in muscle fiber maintenance, repair and remodeling. Our knowledge of the role of satellite cells in muscle fiber adaptation has traditionally relied on in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. Over the past decade, a genuine effort has been made to translate these results to humans under physiological conditions. Findings from in vivo human studies suggest that satellite cells play a key role in skeletal muscle fiber repair/remodeling in response to exercise. Mounting evidence indicates that aging has a profound impact on the regulation of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle. Yet, the precise role of satellite cells in the development of muscle fiber atrophy with age remains unresolved. This review seeks to integrate recent results from in vivo human studies on satellite cell function in muscle fiber repair/remodeling in the wider context of satellite cell biology whose literature is largely based on animal and cell models
Effect of heavy-intensity 'priming' exercise on oxygen uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during moderate-intensity step-transitions initiated from an elevated work rate
We examined the effect of heavy-intensity âprimingâ exercise on the rate of adjustment of pulmonary O2 uptake (Ï 2p) initiated from elevated intensities. Fourteen men (separated into two groups: Ï 2pâ€25s [Fast] or Ï 2p>25s [Slow]) completed step-transitions from 20W-to- 45%lactate threshold (LT; lower-step, LS) and 45%-to-90%LT (upper-step, US) performed (i) without; and (ii) with US preceded by heavy-intensity exercise (HUS). Breath-by-breath 2p and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle deoxygenation ([HHb+Mb]) were measured. Compared to LS, Ï 2p was greater (p0.05) from LS or Fast group US. In Slow, Ï[HHb+Mb] increased (p<0.05) in US relative to HUS; this finding coupled with a reduced Ï 2p indicates a priming-induced improvement in matching of muscle O2 delivery-to-O2 utilization during transitions from elevated intensities in those with Slow but not Fast 2p kinetics
Satellite cell activity, without expansion, after nonhypertrophic stimuli
The purpose of the present studies was to determine the effect of various nonhypertrophic exercise stimuli on satellite cell (SC) pool activity in human skeletal muscle. Previously untrained men and women (men: 29 ± 9 yr and women: 29 ± 2 yr, n = 7 each) completed 6 wk of very low-volume high-intensity sprint interval training. In a separate study, recreationally active men ( n = 16) and women ( n = 3) completed 6 wk of either traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise ( n = 9, 21 ± 4 yr) or low-volume sprint interval training ( n = 10, 21 ± 2 yr). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after training. The fiber type-specific SC response to training was determined, as was the activity of the SC pool using immunofluorescent microscopy of muscle cross sections. Training did not induce hypertrophy, as assessed by muscle cross-sectional area, nor did the SC pool expand in any group. However, there was an increase in the number of active SCs after each intervention. Specifically, the number of activated (Pax7+/MyoD+, P †0.05) and differentiating (Pax7â/MyoD+, P †0.05) SCs increased after each training intervention. Here, we report evidence of activated and cycling SCs that may or may not contribute to exercise-induced adaptations while the SC pool remains constant after three nonhypertrophic exercise training protocols
Altered muscle satellite cell activation following 16 wk of resistance training in young men
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) play an important role in muscle adaptation. In untrained individuals, SC content and activation status have been observed to increase in response to a single bout of exercise. Muscle fiber characteristics change considerably when resistance exercise is performed chronically, but whether training status affects the activity of SC in response to a single bout of exercise remains unknown. We examined the changes in SC content and activation status following a single bout of resistance exercise, before and following a 16-wk progressive resistance training (RT) program in 14 young (25 ± 3 yr) men. Before and after RT, percutaneous biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were taken before a single bout of resistance exercise and after 24 and 72 h of postexercise recovery. Muscle fiber size, capillarization, and SC response were determined by immunohistochemistry. Following RT, there was a greater activation of SC after 24 h in response to a single bout of resistance exercise (Pre, 1.4 ± 0.3; 24 h, 3.1 ± 0.3 Pax7+/MyoD+ cells per 100 fibers) compared with before RT (Pre, 1.4 ± 0.3; 24 h, 2.2 ± 0.3 Pax7+/MyoD+ cells per 100 fibers, P < 0.05); no difference was observed 72 h postexercise. Following 16 wk of RT, MyoD mRNA expression increased from basal to 24 h after the single bout of exercise ( P < 0.05); this change was not observed before training. Individual capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/F i) increased in both type I (1.8 ± 0.3 to 2.0 ± 0.3 C/F i, P < 0.05) and type II (1.7 ± 0.3 to 2.2 ± 0.3 C/F i, P < 0.05) fibers in response to RT. After RT, enhanced activation of SC in response to resistance exercise is accompanied by increases in muscle fiber capillarization
Ageârelated changes to the satellite cell niche are associated with reduced activation following exercise
Skeletal muscle satellite cell (SC) function and responsiveness is regulated, in part, through interactions within the niche, in which they reside. Evidence suggests that structural changes occur in the SC niche as a function of aging. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on SC niche properties. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of healthy young (YM; 21 ± 1 yr; n = 10) and older men (OM; 68 ± 1 yr; n = 16) at rest. A separate group of OM performed a single bout of resistance exercise and additional muscle biopsies were taken 24 and 48 hours postâexercise; this was performed before and following 12 wks of combined exercise training (OMâEx; 73 ± 1; n = 24). Muscle SC niche measurements were assessed using high resolution immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. Type II SC niche laminin thickness was greater in OM (1.86 ± 0.06 ”m) as compared to YM (1.55 ± 0.09 ”m, P < .05). The percentage of type IIâassociated SC that were completely surrounded by laminin was greater in OM (13.6%±4.2%) as compared to YM (3.5%±1.5%; P < .05). In nonâsurrounded SC, the proportion of active MyoD+/Pax7+ SC were higher compared to surrounded SC (P < .05) following a single bout of exercise. This âincarcerationâ of the SC niche by laminin appears with aging and may inhibit SC activation in response to exercise