Differential effect of maternal diet supplementation with α-Linolenic adcid or n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on glial cell phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine fatty acid profile in neonate rat brains

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are of crucial importance for the development of neural tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a dietary supplementation in n-3 fatty acids in female rats during gestation and lactation on fatty acid pattern in brain glial cells phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the neonates.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Sprague-Dawley rats were fed during the whole gestation and lactation period with a diet containing either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 0.55%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 0.75% of total fatty acids) or α-linolenic acid (ALA, 2.90%). At two weeks of age, gastric content and brain glial cell PE and PS of rat neonates were analyzed for their fatty acid and dimethylacetal (DMA) profile. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the neonates from the group fed with n-3 LC-PUFA, the DHA level in gastric content (+65%, P < 0.0001) and brain glial cell PE (+18%, P = 0.0001) and PS (+15%, P = 0.0009) were significantly increased compared to the ALA group. The filtered correlation analysis (P < 0.05) underlined that levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), DHA and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were negatively correlated with arachidonic acid (ARA) and n-6 DPA in PE of brain glial cells. No significant correlation between n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFA were found in the PS dataset. DMA level in PE was negatively correlated with n-6 DPA. DMA were found to occur in brain glial cell PS fraction; in this class DMA level was correlated negatively with DHA and positively with ARA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study confirms that early supplementation of maternal diet with n-3 fatty acids supplied as LC-PUFA is more efficient in increasing n-3 in brain glial cell PE and PS in the neonate than ALA. Negative correlation between n-6 DPA, a conventional marker of DHA deficiency, and DMA in PE suggests n-6 DPA that potentially be considered as a marker of tissue ethanolamine plasmalogen status. The combination of multivariate and bivariate statistics allowed to underline that the accretion pattern of n-3 LC-PUFA in PE and PS differ.</p

Multiscale structures of lipids in foods as parameters affecting fatty acid bioavailability and lipid metabolism.

This review is respectfully dedicated to the memory of Michel Ollivon, Research Director at CNRS (Châtenay-Malabry, France), outstanding physico-chemist specialist of lipid organization, recipient of the Hilditch Memorial Lecture award, who was the initiator of the network RMT LISTRAL. We are also sadly paying tribute to Jean-Luc Vendeuvre, Food Engineer at the French Pork and Pig Institute (IFIP, Maisons-Alfort, France), outstanding expert in meat products who participated actively in RMT LISTRAL and provided unpublished data for figures in the present review, who passed away during review submission. RMT LISTRAL: Mixed Technological Network combining academic and industrial partners, devoted to the enhancement and divulgation of knowledge regarding structured dietary lipids.International audienceOn a nutritional standpoint, lipids are now being studied beyond their energy content and fatty acid (FA) profiles. Dietary FA are building blocks of a huge diversity of more complex molecules such as triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL), themselves organised in supramolecular structures presenting different thermal behaviours. They are generally embedded in complex food matrixes. Recent reports have revealed that molecular and supramolecular structures of lipids and their liquid or solid state at the body temperature influence both the digestibility and metabolism of dietary FA. The aim of the present review is to highlight recent knowledge on the impact on FA digestion, absorption and metabolism of: (i) the intramolecular structure of TAG; (ii) the nature of the lipid molecules carrying FA; (iii) the supramolecular organization and physical state of lipids in native and formulated food products and (iv) the food matrix. Further work should be accomplished now to obtain a more reliable body of evidence and integrate these data in future dietary recommendations. Additionally, innovative lipid formulations in which the health beneficial effects of either native or recomposed structures of lipids will be taken into account can be foreseen

Effects of saffron extract supplementation on mood, well-being, and response to a psychosocial stressor in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, parallel group, clinical trial

Anxiety, stress, and low mood are closely related and may contribute to depressive symptoms. Among non-pharmacological solutions to improve subclinical mood symptoms and resilience to stress, natural products such as saffron—identified as promising following preliminary beneficial effects in major depressive disorder—represent a relevant strategy. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of 8 weeks' supplementation with 30 mg standardized saffron extract on emotional well-being in healthy adults with subclinical feelings of low mood and anxiety and/or stress and evaluate the acute effect of saffron in response to a lab-based psychosocial stressor. The study adopted a double-blind, randomized, parallel groups design in which 56 healthy male and female individuals (18–54 years) received either a saffron extract or a placebo for 8 weeks. Chronic effects of saffron on subjective anxiety, stress, and depressive feelings were assessed using a questionnaire battery [including Profile of Mood State-2, (POMS)] and acute effects in response to a lab-based psychosocial stressor were measured through psychological and physiological parameters. Urinary crocetin levels were quantified. Participants who received the saffron extract reported reduced depression scores and improved social relationships at the end of the study. Urinary crocetin levels increased significantly with saffron supplementation and were correlated with change in depression scores. The typical stress-induced decrease in heart rate variability (HRV) during exposure to the stressor was attenuated following acute saffron intake. Saffron extract appears to improve subclinical depressive symptoms in healthy individuals and may contribute to increased resilience against the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Clinical trials number: NCT03639831

Effets nutritionnels des monomères cycliques issus de l'acide alpha-linolénique chez l'animal

Sous l'effet des traitements thermiques, l'acide a-linolénique, présent dans les huiles végétales, peut se cycliser et former des monomères cycliques. L'objectif de notre travail est d'une part d'étudier l'oxydation de ces composés, et d'autre part de déterminer leurs effets métaboliques. Dans cette deuxième partie, nous étudierons successivement les effets de triacylglycérols contenant des monomères cycliques formés à partir du 18 :3n-3 sur le métabolisme hépatique des lipides et des xénobiotiques (chez le rat mâle adulte) et sur le profil lipoprotéique (chez le hamster) et la formation d'éventuelles lésions cellulaires au niveau du foie (chez le fœtus de rat). In vivo, l'oxydation globale des monomères cycliques issus du 18 :3n-3 contribue pour plus de 70% dans leur métabolisme. In vitro, le foie n'est pas le site principal de leur oxydation. L'administration de monomères cycliques issus du 18 :3n-3 estérifiés sous forme de triacylglycérols induit chez le rat des phénotypes d'une réponse de type proliférateur de péroxysomes. Chez les fœtus de rat, les monomères cycliques provoquent des modifications cellulaires (forte accumulation de glycogène anormal et de triacylglycérols et modification de l'ultrastructure des mitochondries) qui laissent présager des dysfonctionnements hépatiques au cours des premiers jours de vie. Enfin, les monomères cycliques affectent le profil lipoprotéique chez le hamster. Le rapport du cholestérol LDL/HDL est fortement augmenté, effet associé à une hypotriglycéridémie. Les monomères cycliques sont donc responsables d'importantes perturbations métaboliques chez l'animal de laboratoire. De plus, leur nocivité est liée à la quantité administrée. Or, les doses utilisées dans nos régimes représentent de 70 à 700 fois ce qu'un adulte est susceptible de consommer dans des conditions standards d'alimentation. Dans ce contexte, il est recommandé de respecter les conditions de chauffage des huiles alimentaires, facteur qui conditionne la formation des monomères cycliques.DIJON-BU Sciences Economie (212312102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Impact de la trituration et du raffinage sur la teneur en micronutriments des huiles végétales de colza, soja et tournesol

Majoritairement constituées de triglycérides et de leurs acides gras, les huiles végétales contiennent également entre 1 et 5 % de micronutriments tels que les tocophérols, les phytostérols, les polyphénols et les coenzymes Q. Naturellement présents dans les graines de colza, soja et tournesol, ces composés sont connus pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur la santé. Leur transfert et leur préservation de la graine jusqu’à l’huile apparaissent dès lors comme primordiaux. Pourtant, une grande part de ces micronutriments est partiellement à totalement détruite au cours des procédés de trituration et de raffinage conventionnels. La préparation des graines (aplatissage, broyage, cuisson), l’extraction par solvant et le raffinage des huiles (neutralisation, décoloration et désodorisation) sont, en effet, autant d’étapes qui ont une influence significative sur les teneurs en constituants mineurs des huiles brutes et raffinées. Des travaux visant à démontrer l’efficacité de différentes méthodes alternatives ont dès lors été conduits

Do volatile organic compound emissions of Tunisian cork oak populations originating from contrasting climatic conditions differ in their responses to summer drought ?

The intrinsic variability of volatile organic compound emissions and photosynthetic parameters in response to two drying cycles was investigated on Quercus suber L. saplings originating from three Tunisian populations native to contrasting climates. Emissions mainly included monoterpenes plus traces of sesquiterpenes and methylsalicylate that steadily decreased during the experiment unrelated to treatments. Instead, monoterpene emissions increased by 30% during a first moderate drought and remained enhanced after rewatering, while CO2-H2O gas exchange was reduced by 30%. A second severe drought decreased monoterpene emissions to about two third of controls, strongly inhibited gas exchange and photochemical efficiency, and caused a partial loss of chlorophyll. Rewatering led to only partial recovery of emissions and photosynthetic parameters of stressed plants whose biomasses and leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were lower than in control plants. There was no clear difference among populations in volatile organic compound emissions or photosynthetic parameters. However, the population inhabiting the most arid region had intrinsically smaller leaves with lower specific leaf masses and higher drought-related leaf losses than populations native to less arid climates. These results indicate an adaptive shift from stress-tolerating towards stress-avoiding ecotypes under arid climates involving mainly morphological adaptations without apparent differentiation in volatile organic compound production, probably because of its high phenological plasticity

Improved rapeseed oil extraction yield and quality via cold separation of ethanol miscella

In the extraction of vegetable oils, the idea of using ethanol as a solvent, allowing solvent recycling without distillation, can be attested as early as 1948 (Beckel), yet it is now seldom envisaged. The development of organic farming and a growing demand for a more natural diet prompted us to revisit this approach, which takes advantage of the relatively low affinity of ethanol for lipids to produce pure crude oils and meal with higher protein content. This method is based on the change of oil solubility in ethanol with temperature. Rapeseed oil extraction was carried out by hot pressurized ethanol (subcritical extraction condition). Oil was then recovered by cooling the miscella and demixing of two phases, an oil-rich phase and a solvent-rich phase. This study, after verifying the kinetics of extraction, focused on the optimization of the demixing temperature based on the amount and quality of recovered oil. The results show that ethanol extraction followed by cold demixing of the miscella makes it possible to obtain a high quality oil, free of free fatty acids and phospholipids

Improved rapeseed oil extraction yield and quality

In the extraction of vegetable oils, the idea of using ethanol as a solvent, allowing solvent recycling without distillation, can be attested as early as 1948 (Beckel), yet it is now seldom envisaged. The development of organic farming and a growing demand for a more natural diet prompted us to revisit this approach, which takes advantage of the relatively low affinity of ethanol for lipids to produce pure crude oils and meal with higher protein content. This method is based on the change of oil solubility in ethanol with temperature. Rapeseed oil extraction was carried out by hot pressurized ethanol (subcritical extraction condition). Oil was then recovered by cooling the miscella and demixing of two phases, an oil-rich phase and a solvent-rich phase. This study, after verifying the kinetics of extraction, focused on the optimization of the demixing temperature based on the amount and quality of recovered oil. The results show that ethanol extraction followed by cold demixing of the miscella makes it possible to obtain a high quality oil, free of free fatty acids and phospholipids

Long-term forest dynamic after land abandonment in a fire prone Mediterranean landscape (central Corsica, France)

Two hundred years of landscape changes were studied on a 3,760 ha area of central Corsica (France) representing a typical Mediterranean environment. Different historical sources, including an accurate land-cover map from 1774 and statistics on land cover from 1848 and 1913, were used. Three additional maps (1960, 1975 and 1990) were drawn, and a complete fire history from 1957 to 1997 was created. Forests expanded slowly by a border effect. Forest expansion was more rapid in unburnt sites (0.59% per year) than in burnt sites (0.23% per year), mostly because the initial amount of forests was greater. Because of the border effect, the combination of past landscape pattern and short distance colonization abilities of forest species may have allowed the shrublands to persist in some places after land abandonment. This persistence may explain the pattern of fire in the landscape, since shrubland burn more readily than forests