Soybean root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum: interactions with biotic and abiotic factors

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and Fusarium graminearum (Fg) are important components of the Fusarium root rot complex in soybean. Fo is one of the species most frequently associated with soybean root rot, and Fg isolates that colonize wheat and maize have been found to be highly pathogenic on soybean, in the United States. Fo and Fg cause seed decay, damping-off, crown and root rots and pod blight. The goal of this research was to characterize the biology of Fo and Fg and determine their role as soybean seedling pathogens in the Fusarium root rot complex. The objectives were to: i) assess the phenotypic characteristics of Fo isolates from soybean, including the interaction between Fo isolates and soybean cultivars, growth characteristics in culture, and sensitivity to fungicides, ii) evaluate the effect of pH and temperature on the development of soybean root rot caused by Fo, and iii) determine the impact of soil texture, soil pH and soil water content on seedling disease caused by Fg. For objective 1, pathogenicity of fourteen Fo isolates was evaluated on eleven soybean cultivars in rolled-towel and petri-dish assays. Our study revealed that cultivars differed in susceptibility to Fo, and there were significant isolate ÃÂÃÂ cultivar interactions. These results suggests that the pattern of resistance or susceptibility for each soybean cultivar differs among isolates. In addition, soybean cultivars differed in susceptibility to Fo, illustrating the variability among Fo isolates from soybean and the potential for their management through cultivar selection. Fo isolates also differed in radial growth on PDA. Pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin effectively reduced conidial germination, and ipconazole effectively reduced fungal growth, but fludioxonil was ineffective against Fo fungal growth. These results illustrate the variability among Fo isolates from soybean and the potential for their management through cultivar selection or seed treatment. For objective 2, a growth chamber study was performed to assess the effects of pH and temperature on Fo fungal growth and seedling disease. Fo isolates were grown on artificial culture media at four pH levels (4, 5, 6, 7, 8), and incubated at four temperatures (15 20, 25, or 30ᵒC). In a rolled-towel assay, seeds were inoculated with a suspension of a pathogenic or a non-pathogenic Fo isolate. We found that Fo isolates had the greatest radial growth at pH 6 and 25ᵒC, and caused the most severe root rot at pH 6 and 25ᵒC. In addition, a Gaussian model was performed to estimate optimal pH and temperature for fungal growth and disease severity. Optimal conditions estimated using a Gaussian model were pH 6.4 at 27.4 ᵒC for maximal fungal growth, and pH 5.9 at 30ᵒC for maximal root rot severity. These results indicate that optimal pH and temperature conditions for Fo growth are similar to optimal conditions for infection and disease in soybean seedlings, and suggest that Fo may be a more important seedling pathogen when soybeans are planted later, under warm conditions. For objective 3, we tested the effect of four artificial soil textures (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam), two levels of soil pH (6 and 8), and three levels of soil moisture (permanent wilting point, field capacity and saturation) on root rot of soybean caused by Fg. We found a significant interaction between soil moisture and soil texture for root rot. The greatest severity (~70%) was observed at pH 6 and permanent wilting point in sandy loam soils. In contrast, pot saturation resulted in the lowest levels of disease in sandy loam and loam soils (11.6 and 10.8%, respectively). Percentages of reduction on seedling growth parameters relative to the non-inoculated control, such as root length, foliar area, shoot and root dry weights and root tips were significantly higher in sandy loam soils. In contrast, there were no relative growth reductions in sandy soils. Our results suggest root disease caused by Fg increases in water-stressed plants, resulting in detrimental effects on plant development

Influence of soils, nutrition, and water relations upon charcoal rot disease processes in Kansas.

Master of ScienceDepartment of Plant PathologyChristopher R. LittleChristopher R. LittleCharcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is the most important soybean disease in Kansas. Several strategies have been recommended to control this disease including crop rotation, lower plant densities, biological control, plant resistance and tolerance, and fungicide application. However, those techniques have not been completely effective and the information concerning soil texture, irrigation and micronutrient fertility (particularly manganese) upon charcoal rot disease severity and the pathogen population is limited. The objective of this study was to determine key factors that affect the biology of M. phaseolina and charcoal rot processes under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. M. phaseolina microsclerotia were produced from PDA pure isolate and infested Japanese millet in the laboratory and characterized by different techniques such as serial dilutions in semi selective media with the aim to produce quality inoculum to reliably infect soybean seedling roots under greenhouse conditions; production of inoculum by infesting Japanese millet was the most efficient method. Root colonization and root infection of soybean seedlings was assessed through the use of M. phaseolina inoculum under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Root infection by M. phaseolina and microsclerotia longevity in soil is determined by environmental factors such as soil moisture content, soil texture and source of inoculum. The objective of the greenhouse study was to determine the impact of these variables on seedling root infection at the V1 and V2 development stages. Artificial soils with different textures were infested; M. phaseolina microsclerotia and soybean seedlings were exposed to different soil moisture contents including pot saturation, pot (field) capacity, and permanent wilting point. Soil populations and levels of root colonization for the stages were assessed by estimating CFUs and root length. Results indicate that soil texture has a significant impact upon root morphology and root length. Root populations of M. phaseolina were significantly higher in sandy soil textures and lower in the fine-textured soils, suggesting an impact of soil water holding capacity in the root infection process. The effect of water stress on seedling root colonization by M. phaseolina indicates that early infection may be more important than previously thought. A field study was also conducted to determine the effect of the aforementioned variables in a 2-year field experiment conducted at two Kansas locations. Pathogen colonization was iii assessed by measuring colony-forming units (CFUs) from ground root tissue at R2-R4 (post-flowering/early pod development) and R8 (maturity) stages. Soil populations (pre-planting and post-harvest) of M. phaseolina, yield parameters, and plant characteristics were obtained. Results indicated that there are complex relationships between soil physiochemical properties (pH, NPK content, exchangeable cations, and organic matter) and soil texture (sand, soil, and clay composition), which may mitigate disease severity and pathogen levels in host tissue. Results also indicated that in natural M. phaseolina-infested soils, cropping history and soil texture play an important role in charcoal rot processes and influence the levels of pathogen soil populations, root colonization at maturity and, more importantly, soybean yield

Análisis de la operatividad de la conciliación en equidad en la localidad No. 2 de la ciudad de Cartagena de indias – 2001 al 2006. Referentes teóricos.

Se presentan los referentes teóricos que orientan la investigación sobre la operatividad de la conciliación en equidad en la localidad No. 2 de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias – Bolívar durante los años 2001 al 2006, como parte de los estudios sobre los mecanismos alternos de solución de conflictos que adelanta el grupo de investigación de Derecho Público. Los referentes parten del estudio del paradigma de la conciliación en Colombia como es el pluralismo jurídico, luego se presentaran las teorías generales sobre los mecanismos alternos de solución de conflictos, para culminar con el análisis de la teoría sustantiva de la conciliación en equidad propiamente dicha, conforme a la revisión de los autores que en Colombia se han dedicado particularmente al estudio de la conciliación en equidad

Cancer stem cells from human glioblastoma resemble but do not mimic original tumors after in vitro passaging in serum-free media

Human gliomas harbour cancer stem cells (CSCs) that evolve along the course of the disease, forming highly heterogeneous subpopulations within the tumour mass. These cells possess self-renewal properties and appear to contribute to tumour initiation, metastasis and resistance to therapy. CSC cultures isolated from surgical samples are considered the best preclinical in vitro model for primary human gliomas. However, it is not yet well characterized to which extent their biological and functional properties change during in vitro passaging in the serum-free culture conditions. Here, we demonstrate that our CSC-enriched cultures harboured from one to several CSC clones from the human glioma sample. When xenotransplanted into mouse brain, these cells generated tumours that reproduced at least three different dissemination patterns found in original tumours. Along the passages in culture, CSCs displayed increased expression of stem cell markers, different ratios of chromosomal instability events, and a varied response to drug treatment. Our findings highlight the need for better characterization of CSC-enriched cultures in the context of their evolution in vitro, in order to uncover their full potential as preclinical models in the studies aimed at identifying molecular biomarkers and developing new therapeutic approaches of human gliomas.Peer reviewe

p38γ/δ activation alters cardiac electrical activity and predisposes to ventricular arrhythmia

We gratefully acknowledge L. Sen-Martín, J. Alegre-Cebollada (CNIC, Madrid) and L. Carrier (University Medical Center HamburgEppendorf and DZHK, Hamburg) for the cMyBP3-C KO cardiac tissue; D. Roiz-Valle and C. López-Otín (IUOPA; Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo) for the LmnaG609G/G609G cardiac tissue; and R. J. Davis for the MKK6 KO mice. We thank G. Giovinazzo and the CNIC Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit (CNIC, Madrid) for the hiPSCs. We thank S. Bartlett and F. Chanut (CNIC, Madrid) for English editing, and R. R. Mondragon (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) for technical support. We are grateful to R. J. Davis (University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester), A. Padmanabhan (University of California, San Francisco) and M. Costa and C. López-Otín (IUOPA; Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo) for critical reading of the manuscript. We thank the staf at the CNIC Genomics and Bioinformatics Units for technical support and help with data analysis and A. C. Silva for help with figure editing and design. This work was funded by a CNIC Intramural Project Severo Ochoa (Expediente 12- 2016 IGP) to G.S. and J.J. G.S. is supported by the following projects: PMP21/00057 IMPACT-2021, funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), and PDC2021-121147-I00 and PID2019-104399RB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033—all funded by the European Union (FEDER/FSE); ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’/‘El FSE invierte en tu futuro’/Next Generation EU and co-funded by the European Union/Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia (PRTR). R.R.B. is a fellow of the FPU Program (FPU17/03847). B.G.T. was a fellow of the FPI Severo Ochoa CNIC Program (SVP‐2013‐067639) and an American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellow (18POST34080175). The following grants provided additional funding: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, PDC2021-121147-I00 Convocatoria: Proyectos Prueba de Concepto 2021 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and PID2022-138525OB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 grant HL122352); Fondos FEDER, Madrid, Spain, and Fundación Bancaria ‘La Caixa (project HR19/52160013) to J.J.; American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship 14POST17820005 to D.P.B.; and MICINN PGC2018-097019-B-I00, ISCIII-SGEFI/ERDF (PRB3-IPT17/0019, ProteoRed), the Fundació Marató TV3 (grant 122/C/2015) and ‘la Caixa’ Banking Foundation (project code HR17- 00247) to J.V. The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) and the Pro CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (grant CEX2020-001041-S, funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).S

Interferon-Gamma-Induced Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Proliferation of Mu- rine Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells

Abstract Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains one of the most resistant tumors to systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Despite great progress in understanding the basic biology of RCC, the rate of responses in animal models and clinical trials using interferons (IFNs) has not improved significantly. It is likely that the lack of responses can be due to the tumor's ability to develop tumor escape strategies. Currently, the use of targeted therapies has improved the clinical outcomes of patients with RCC and is associated with an increase of Th1-cytokine responses (IFNγ), indicating the importance of IFNγ in inhibiting tumor proliferation. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate a new mechanism by which IFNγ mediates direct anti-proliferative effects against murine renal cell carcinoma cell lines. When cultured RCC cell lines were exposed to murine recombinant IFNγ, a dose dependent growth inhibition in CL-2 and CL-19 cells was observed; this effect was not observed in Renca cells. Growth inhibition in CL-2 and CL-19 cell lines was associated with the intracellular induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein, resulting in a sustained elevation of nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline, and a decrease in arginase activity. The inhibition of cell proliferation appears to be due to an arrest in the cell cycle. The results indicate that in certain RCC cell lines, IFNγ modulates L-arginine metabolism by shifting from arginase to iNOS activity, thereby developing a potent inhibitory mechanism to encumber tumor cell proliferation and survival. Elucidating the cellular events triggered by IFNγ in murine RCC cell lines will permit anti-tumor effects to be exploited in the development of new combination therapies that interfere with L-arginine metabolism to effectively combat RCC in patients

Fibrinólisis intravenosa con alteplasa en un paciente joven con ictus isquémico agudo asociado a coartación de aorta

Regarding coarctation of the aorta, it is a rare congenital disease, in which a systemic arteriopathy occurs, caused by narrowing of the vessel, generating obstruction to the aortic flow, , this malformation, is very little related to acute ischemic stroke in young people, therefore, the objective is to present the case of a 26-year-old male patient with a clinical picture compatible with ischemic stroke secondary to coarctation of the aorta in the evaluation with thorax angiography and echocardiogram, enters window period ( 4.5 hours) and pharmacologic thrombolysis is performed with accelerated regimen with alteplase. It reviews bibliography of current scientific articles, studies , meta analysis and guides of the New York Heart Association and the American Stroke Association , articles mostly from 2020 onwards, obtained from internationally recognised databases such as PUBMED, JAMA, ELSEVIER, in a total of 21 articles in English and Spanish, concluding that, the coexistence of acute ischemic stroke associated with coarctation of the aorta is a rare occurrence in the young population and that it can be treated initially with intravenous infusion of alteplase as a thrombolysis method and that there are other therapeutic alternatives for correction of aortic coarctationRespecto a la  coartación de aorta, es una enfermedad congénita rara,  en la que,  se produce una arteriopatía sistémica, ocasionada por estrechamiento del vaso, generando obstrucción al flujo aórtico, , ésta malformacion,  es muy poco relacionada con el ictus isquemico agudo en los jovenes,  por lo que,  se plantea como objetivo  presentar  el caso de un paciente  masculino  de 26 años de edad con cuadro clinico compatible con  accidente cerebrovascular isquémico secundario a coartación de la aorta en la evaluación con angiotac de torax y ecocardiograma, ingresa en periodo de ventana ( 4.5 horas)  y se realiza  la trombolisis farmacologica con  regimen acelerado con alteplasa. Se realiza revision bibliografia de articulos cientificos actuales, estudios , meta analisis  y guias de la New York Heart Asociation y de  la American Stroke Association , artículos en su mayoría del año 2020 en adelante, obtenidos de bases de datos reconocidas a nivel internacional como PUBMED, JAMA,  ELSEVIER, en un total de 21 artículos en los idiomas inglés y español,  concluyéndose que,  la coexistencia de ictus isquémico agudo asociado a coartación de aorta es una rara ocurrencia en la población joven y que puede ser tratada inicialmente con  infusión intravenosa de alteplasa como método de  trombólisis y que existen otras alternativas terapéuticas para corrección de coartación de aorta