Modelling the disability severity score in motor insurance claims: an application to the Spanish case

Bodily injury claims have the greatest impact on the claim costs of motor insurance companies. The disability severity of motor claims is assessed in numerous European countries by means of score systems. In this paper a zero inflated generalized Poisson regression model is implemented to estimate the disability severity score of victims in-volved in motor accidents on Spanish roads. We show that the injury severity estimates may beautomatically converted into financial terms by insurers at any point of the claim handling process. As such, the methodology described may be used by motor insurers operating in the Spanish market to monitor the size of bodily injury claims. By using insurance data, various applications are presented in which the score estimate of disability severity is of value to insurers, either for computing the claim compensation or for claim reserve purposes.Motor accident, disability severity, zero-inflated generalized Poisson model, disability scoring scale.

Discrete distributions when modeling the disability severity score of motor victims

Many European states apply score systems to evaluate the disability severity of non-fatal motor victims under the law of third-party liability. The score is a non-negative integer with an upper bound at 100 that increases with severity. It may be automatically converted into financial terms and thus also reflects the compensation cost for disability. In this paper, discrete regression models are applied to analyze the factors that influence the disability severity score of victims. Standard and zero-altered regression models are compared from two perspectives: an interpretation of the data generating process and the level of statistical fit. The results have implications for traffic safety policy decisions aimed at reducing accident severity. An application using data from Spain is provided.Hurdle discrete data models, zero-inflated distribution, generalized method of moments, personal injuries, disability rating scale. JEL classification:-

Discrete distributions when modeling the disability severity score of motor victims

Many European states apply score systems to evaluate the disability severity of non-fatal motor victims under the law of third-party liability. The score is a non-negative integer with an upper bound at 100 that increases with severity. It may be automatically converted into financial terms and thus also reflects the compensation cost for disability. In this paper, discrete regression models are applied to analyze the factors that influence the disability severity score of victims. Standard and zero-altered regression models are compared from two perspectives: an interpretation of the data generating process and the level of statistical fit. The results have implications for traffic safety policy decisions aimed at reducing accident severity. An application using data from Spain is provided

Modelling the disability severity score in motor insurance claims: an application to the Spanish case

Bodily injury claims have the greatest impact on the claim costs of motor insurance companies. The disability severity of motor claims is assessed in numerous European countries by means of score systems. In this paper a zero inflated generalized Poisson regression model is implemented to estimate the disability severity score of victims in-volved in motor accidents on Spanish roads. We show that the injury severity estimates may be automatically converted into financial terms by insurers at any point of the claim handling process. As such, the methodology described may be used by motor insurers operating in the Spanish market to monitor the size of bodily injury claims. By using insurance data, various applications are presented in which the score estimate of disability severity is of value to insurers, either for computing the claim compensation or for claim reserve purposes

Experimental and theoretical investigations of friction properties of graphite intercalated compounds.

It is classically admitted that the goodfriction properties of lamellar compounds are strongly related to their anisotropic structure and especially to the existence of weak interlayer interactions through the van der Waals gap separating the basal layers. As it is also known, the presence of the van der Waals gap in the structure of lamellar compounds will allow lot of chemical species to be intercalated in the structure leading both to the expansion of structure parameters and inter layer interactions modifications. The present work is concerned with the experimental and theoretical study of friction propertiesof Graphite Intercalated Compounds (GICs) in order to better understand thetribologiclamellar compounds. In order to modulate the interlayer interactions, two types of intercalated species were used, electrophylic species (AlCl3, FeCl3, SbCl5) and nucleophilic species (Li, K, Rb)

Exposure as duration and distance in telematics motor insurance using generalized additive models

In Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) automobile insurance, the premium is fixed based on the distance traveled, while in usage-based insurance (UBI) the driving patterns of the policyholder are also considered. In those schemes, drivers who drive more pay a higher premium compared to those with the same characteristics who drive only occasionally, because the former are more exposed to the risk of accident. In this paper, we analyze the simultaneous effect of the distance traveled and exposure time on the risk of accident by using Generalized Additive Models (GAM). We carry out an empirical application and show that the expected number of claims (1) stabilizes once a certain number of accumulated distance-driven is reached and (2) it is not proportional to the duration of the contract, which is in contradiction to insurance practice. Finally, we propose to use a rating system that takes into account simultaneously exposure time and distance traveled in the premium calculation. We think that this is the trend the automobile insurance market is going to follow with the eruption of telematics data

Une rétroaction efficace par la correction audiovidéo pour les étudiantes et les étudiants ainsi que les enseignantes et les enseignants du programme collégial des techniques de l'informatique

Cet essai s’intéresse à la transformation de l’acte de correction pour des enseignantes et des enseignants du secteur technique du niveau collégial par le passage d’un mode de correction traditionnel écrit à un mode avec un support audiovidéo. La recherche se concentre sur le programme des Techniques de l’informatique au Cégep Garneau et, plus spécifiquement, sur les cours de programmation, en raison de la complexité de la correction des applications informatiques. La correction écrite constitue le moyen usuel utilisé pour la correction d’applications informatiques, mais est-ce qu’une correction avec une captation vidéo de l’application et une captation audio de la voix de l’enseignante ou de l’enseignant serait plus appropriée? Si tel est le cas, quels comportements une enseignante ou un enseignant devrait-il adopter afin d’être le plus efficace possible ? Ainsi, l’objectif général de cette recherche est d’analyser comment la correction audiovidéo peut constituer un outil de correction efficace pour des applications informatiques. Cette recherche aborde les concepts de correction, d’efficacité de la rétroaction et de sentiment d’efficacité personnelle; de ces concepts découlent trois objectifs spécifiques : 1. Documenter les impacts généraux de l’utilisation de la correction audiovidéo pour des applications informatiques; 2. Identifier chez les enseignantes et les enseignants les comportements aidants et ceux à proscrire pour optimiser les impacts généraux de la correction audiovidéo; 3. Formuler des recommandations qui permettent que la correction audiovidéo soit un outil de rétroaction efficace pour les étudiantes et les étudiants ainsi que les enseignantes et les enseignants. Utilisant une méthodologie de type qualitative, cette recherche-intervention a été menée au cours de la session d’hiver 2019 dans quatre groupes-classes auprès de trois enseignantes et enseignants ainsi que d’une vingtaine d’étudiantes et d’étudiants. Trois outils de collecte de données (questionnaire, groupe de discussion et entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée) ont été employés pour obtenir l’avis des étudiantes et des étudiants; un outil (entrevue individuelle) a été utilisé avec les enseignantes et les enseignants participants. De plus, nous avons tenu un journal de bord comme mémoire vive de la recherche. L’analyse combinée des outils de collecte de données a permis de constater que la correction audiovidéo est un outil de correction efficace pour les applications informatiques. Nous avons cerné les comportements à adopter à la fois pour le bénéfice des étudiantes et des étudiants ainsi que celui des enseignantes et des enseignants et formulé des recommandations pour l’utilisation d’une telle correction