Difference of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and pyramid cell count during mastication of food with varying hardness

Previous studies suggested that mastication activity can affect learning and memory function. However, most were focused on mastication impaired models by providing long-term soft diet. The effects of chewing food with various hardness, especially during the growth period, remain unknown. Objective: To analyze the difference of hippocampus function and morphology, as characterized by pyramidal cell count and BDNF expression in different mastication activities. Materials and Methods: 28-day old, post-weaned, male-Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=7); the first (K0) was fed a standard diet using pellets as the control, the second (K1) was fed soft food and the third (K2) was fed hard food. After eight weeks, the rats were decapitated, their brains were removed and placed on histological plates made to count the pyramid cells and quantify BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Data collected were compared using one-way ANOVA. Results: Results confirmed the pyramid cell count (K0=169.14±27.25; K1=130.14±29.32; K2=128.14±39.02) and BDNF expression (K0=85.27±19.78; K1=49.57±20.90; K2=36.86±28.97) of the K0 group to be significantly higher than that of K1 and K2 groups (p<0.05); no significant difference in the pyramidal cell count and BNDF expression was found between K1 and K2 groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: A standard diet leads to the optimum effect on hippocampus morphology. Food consistency must be appropriately suited to each development stage, in this case, hippocampus development in post-weaned period

Different Food Hardness Affect Memory

Recent studies proved the role of mastication in learning and memory function. The effect of various food hardness on spatial memory in childhood is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of mastication activity in spatial memory in childhood by giving food with various hardness Post-weaned rats aged 28 days were divided into three groups. Control group was fed with normal pellets diet, blended grain and seeds (soft diet) for treatment I group and whole grain and seeds (hard diet) for treatment II group. Radial eight arm maze-test was used to assess spatial memory. Data collected was analyzed using One-way Anova. There was significant difference of spatial memory (p<0.05). Control group showed the best spatial memory, while treatment II showed the lowest performance

Intention and Oral Health Behavior Perspective of Islamic Traditional Boarding School Students Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Objective: To analyze the correlation of the students in an Islamic boarding school intention toward oral health behavior by means of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted on 153 students of an Islamic boarding school who fulfilled the criterion. Data were obtained by a questionnaire and clinical examination. Data were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: The highest score of the variable that affects behavior recorded from both male and female respondents was Subjective Norm (57.288 ± 12.828), followed by Attitude (25.627 ± 4.144). Meanwhile, the lowest score that affects behavior was Oral Health Knowledge (3.179 ± 1.402). All study variables, according to the theory of planned behavior, such as knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and intention had significant value to predict and assess behavior with p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and oral health knowledge in Private Boarding School’s Santris influence the intention to improve oral hygiene behavior

Brotowali Extract (Tinospora Crispa) for Oral Traumatic Ulcer in Diabetes Mellitus Wistar Rat

One of the diabetes complication is delayed wound healing in oral traumatic ulcer. Tinospora crispa contains flavonoid and terpenoid which can help to control blood glucose level and accelerate wound healing. The aim of this study is to analyze brotowali (Tinospora crispa) extract potential in controlling blood glucose level and accelerating ulcer healing process. The extract was made with oven-dried method at 50°C and macerated with ethanol 80% (1:10 w/v). The rats were divided into 3 groups, control group I (K1) normal Wistar Rat with traumatic ulcer, control group II (K2) diabetes mellitus wistar rat with traumatic ulcer, and treatment group (P) diabetes mellitus wistar rat with traumatic ulcer treated with 250 mg/kg tinospora crispa extract once a day. Sample were euthanized on 3rd, 5th, and, 7th day after traumatic ulcer was made then a histopathology preparation was made to count fibroblast cell. Blood glucose level measurement was conducted on 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th after traumatic ulcer was made. Brotowali extract can affect blood glucose levels but make no significant difference and affect the number of fibroblasts in traumatic ulcers healing diabetes mellitus Wistar rats with significant difference

Dental Caries and Associated Factors among Primary School Children in Metropolitan City with the Largest Javanese Race Population: A Crosssectional Study

Background: Dental caries is the most prevalent and chronic oral disease, particularly in childhood age. Dental caries is a progressive infectious process with multifactorial etiology. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental caries and its associated factors among primary school children at Surabaya, as the metropolitan city with the largest Javanese race population in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A school‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted at Surabaya in August 2017. Cluster random sampling technique was used to select the children. Structured questionnaire by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used to interview children and/or parents to collect sociodemographic variables. Clinical dental information was obtained by experienced dentist using dental caries criteria set by the WHO. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were computed to investigate the factors associated with dental caries. Results: Of 213 children, 50.4% were boys. Majority (99%) of the children cleaned their teeth using toothbrush. The proportion of children having dental caries was 53%. Decay‑Missing‑Filled (DMF) score was 1, decayed‑extracted‑filled (def) score was 1.08, and total DMF and def score were 2.07. Toothbrush usage, soda consumption, and educational level of fathers were the associated factors for dental caries. Conclusion: Toothbrush usage, soda consumption, and educational level of fathers were the associated factors for dental caries. Therefore, prevention measures, such as health education on oral hygiene, dietary habits, and importance of dental visit, are obligatory for children

PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN MEMORI SPASIAL AKIBAT PEMBERIAN MAKANAN DENGAN TINGKAT KEKERASAN YANG BERBEDA

mengunyah dapat mempengaruhi fungsi learning dan memori dari hipokampus. Penurunan aktivitas mengunyah dengan memberi makanan lunak dapat menurunkan fungsi memori spasial dari hipokampus, sedangkan peningkatan aktivitas mengunyah dengan memberi makanan keras dapat meningkatkan proliferasi sel pada dentate gyrus hipokampus. Namun, hubungan pengunyahan dengan fungsi hipokampus pada usia pertumbuhkembangan belum diketahui. Tujuan: Membuktikan perbedaan kemampuan memori spasial, jumlah sel piramid, dan ekspresi BDNF pada hipokampus akibat pemberian makanan dengan tingkat kekerasan yang berbeda. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik eksperimental. Tikus wistar (Rattus novergicus) (21) lepas sapih dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, K1 makanan standar, K2 makanan lunak, K3 makanan keras. Pengamatan kemampuan spasial dilakukan setelah 8 minggu menggunakan uji maze radial 8 lengan. Setelah uji memori, dilakukan pengamatan morfologi hipokampus melalui penghitungan jumlah sel piramid dengan pengecatan HE dan ekspresi BDNF dengan metode imunohistokimia dengan antibodi poliklonal. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji anova menunjukkan kemampuan memori, dengan jumlah benar (K1=6,57 ± 1,81; K2=2,43 ± 1,97; K3=2,57 ± 2,51) dan salah (K1=1,57 ± 1,72; K2=6,71 ± 1,25; K3=7,86 ± 0,90), jumlah sel piramid (K1=169,14 ± 27,25; K2=130,14 ± 29,32; K3=128,14 ± 39,02) dan ekspresi BDNF (K1=85,27 ± 19,78; K2=49,57 ± 20,90; K3=36,86 ± 28,97) pada kelompok K1 lebih tinggi secara signifikan daripada kelompok K2 dan K3. Kesimpulan: Pemberian makanan standar menunjukkan kemampuan memori spasial, jumlah sel piramid dan ekspresi BDNF pada hipokampus yang lebih tinggi daripada pemberian makanan lunak dan keras

Intention and Oral Health Behavior Perspective of Islamic Traditional Boarding School Students Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Objective: To analyze the correlation of the students in an Islamic boarding school intention toward oral health behavior by means of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted on 153 students of an Islamic boarding school who fulfilled the criterion. Data were obtained by a questionnaire and clinical examination. Data were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: The highest score of the variable that affects behavior recorded from both male and female respondents was Subjective Norm (57.288 ± 12.828), followed by Attitude (25.627 ± 4.144). Meanwhile, the lowest score that affects behavior was Oral Health Knowledge (3.179 ± 1.402). All study variables, according to the theory of planned behavior, such as knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and intention had significant value to predict and assess behavior with p<0.05. Conclusion: Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and oral health knowledge in Private Boarding School’s Santris influence the intention to improve oral hygiene behavior

The efficacy of okra fruit extract on the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in the tooth socket of diabetic Wistar rats

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from an additional macrophage dysfunction in the secretion of growth factor, which later decreases transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‑β1). This condition disrupts proliferation and angiogenesis. Extract of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) contains flavonoid, an active substance which acts as antioxidant, anti‑inflammation, and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference in TGF‑β1 expression in wound‑healing process after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This is a laboratory experimental study using pretest and posttest on 24 Wistar rats which are divided into two groups: control group (treated with streptozotocin induction but without administration of okra fruit extract) and treatment group (treated with streptozotocin induction and oral administration of 250 mg/kg okra fruit extract once a day). Extractions of the rats’ mandibular left incisors were performed using a pair of modified forceps and an elevator. The tooth sockets were then irrigated using saline solution. Four rats in each group were sacrificed on day 3 (KO1, PO1), 5 (KO2, PO2), and 7 (KO3, PO3). The socket tissues from the rats were then immunohistochemically analyzed. Data were analyzed at level significance of 0.05. Results: The average level of TGF‑β1 expression in the treatment groups was higher compared to the control group: PO1 (11.59 ± 0.58), PO2 (15.15 ± 1.07), and PO3 (18.75 ± 2.73) as compared to KO1 (5.32 ± 1.69), KO2 (8.47 ± 0.60), and KO3 (9.28 ± 1.16) with P = 0.001. Conclusion: The administration of okra fruit extract can increase the level of TGF‑β1 in wounds after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats

The impact of oral health on physical fitness: A systematic review

Background Oral health problems may have numerous effects on general health, including physical fitness and performance. In this review, we aimed to systematically review the available evidence to assess the effect of oral health on general physical fitness. Methods We systematically performed a literature search in two different databases (PUBMED and EMBASE) without restriction to the year of publication. Articles were included if the subjects were humans and the primary aim was to assess the effects of dental and/or oral health problems on physical activity using either objective physical measurements or physical performance tests. The quality of the studies was then assessed using a Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool. Results A total of 2651 articles were initially retrieved from the systematic search of the literature. Of these, a final total of 11 articles following the inclusion criteria were included in the review. All of the 11 articles included in the review had good methodological quality. Of the 11 articles, ten articles suggested a correlation between dental and oral condition toward physical fitness, body balance, cardiorespiratory function, and also cognitive function. Only one article found contradictory results, which showed that periodontal conditions did not correlate with the cardiorespiratory function. Malocclusion, including the number of remaining teeth, was reported in five studies (45.4%), periodontal disease was evaluated in six studies (54.5%), along with slight evaluation of periapical inflammation. Conclusion This review suggests that there is a negative effect of poor dental and/or oral health on physical fitness and performance

During and post COVID-19 pandemic: prevention of cross infection at dental practices in country with tropical climate

Background: COVID-19 has been regarded as a new pandemic in the world. This disease is highly contagious and can be transmitted easily through droplets and air. This matter is considered as a red flag to all dentists all over the globe. Until today, there is only a few specific guideline in regards to dental practice during and after the pandemic. The protocol only revolves around the limitation of patients’ appointments and using level 3 personal protection equipment. There is no specific mention on the preparation method of the practice room especially in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to review literature on infection control in dental settings during COVID-19 pandemic and discuss possible recommendations based on available evidence. Review: The review also discussed the background of COVID-19, transmission, clinical findings, physicochemical properties, and cross infection in dental practice. Despite the usage of personal protective equipment, the rooms need to be set to specific requirement to reduce contamination inside the room. Until today, COVID-19 transmission must be prevented with the best method available. Conclusion: No single protocol may fully guarantee the safety of the patients and dental workers. We suggest to combine the protocol listed above to minimize to self and cross-contamination ’new normal’ practice