A New Interpretation of the Mechanism for the Determination of Interest Rate and Its Policy Implications

This paper first indicates that saving equals to the liquidity preference plus the supply of loanable funds and the liquidity preference is just opposite to the supply of loanable funds. Meanwhile, the paper proposes a new model in which interest rate is determined by the investment demand curve and the symmetrical curve of the liquidity preference curve about Y axis. On such basis, the paper notes that the existence of liquidity preference makes effective demand always deficient. Thus market failure becomes the norm and the government is obliged to take aim at the interest rate which is determined by the desired investment and desired saving. So far the paper has thoroughly clarified how interest rate is determined and constructed a new and compact macroeconomic analytical framework. Further, the paper attempts to discuss the new model’s inspiration to Taylor rule and other deductions brought by the new model

A New Interpretation of the Mechanism for the Determination of Interest Rate and Its Policy Implications

This paper first indicates that saving equals to the liquidity preference plus the supply of loanable funds and the liquidity preference is just opposite to the supply of loanable funds. Meanwhile, the paper proposes a new model in which interest rate is determined by the investment demand curve and the symmetrical curve of the liquidity preference curve about Y axis. On such basis, the paper notes that the existence of liquidity preference makes effective demand always deficient. Thus market failure becomes the norm and the government is obliged to take aim at the interest rate which is determined by the desired investment and desired saving. So far the paper has thoroughly clarified how interest rate is determined and constructed a new and compact macroeconomic analytical framework. Further, the paper attempts to discuss the new model’s inspiration to Taylor rule and other deductions brought by the new model

Manipulating droplet jumping behaviors on hot substrates with surface topography by controlling vapor bubble growth: from vibration to explosion

A major challenge in surface science is rapid removal of sessile liquid droplets from a substrate with complex three-dimensional structures. However, our understanding of interfacial phenomena including droplet wetting dynamics and phase changes on engineered surfaces remains elusive, impeding dexterous designs for agile droplet purging. Here we present a surface topography strategy to modulate droplet jumping behaviors on micropillared substrates at moderate superheat of 20-30 {\deg}C. Specifically, sessile droplets usually dwell in the Wenzel state and therefore the micropillar matrix functions as fin array for heat transfer enhancement. By tuning the feature sizes of micropillars, one can adjust the vapor bubble growth at the droplet base from the heat-transfer-controlled mode to the inertia-controlled mode. As opposed to the relatively slow vibration jumping in seconds, the vapor bubble growth in the inertia-controlled mode on tall-micropillared surface leads to droplet out-of-plane jumping in milliseconds. Such rapid droplet detachment stems from the swift Wenzel-to Cassie transition incurred by vapor bubble burst (explosion), during which the bubble expanding velocity can reach as fast as ~4 m/s. Vapor bubble growth in a droplet and bubble-burst-induced droplet jumping have been less explored. This study unveils the underpinning mechanisms of versatile jumping behaviors of boiling droplets from a hot micro-structured surface and opens up further possibilities for the design of engineered surfaces that mitigate potential damage of vapor explosion or alleviate condensate flooding

Future growth pattern projections under shared socioeconomic pathways: a municipal city bottom-up aggregated study based on a localised scenario and population projections for China

Precise multi-scenario projections of future economic outputs based on localised interpretations of global scenarios and major growth drivers are important for understanding long-term economic changes. However, few studies have focussed on localised interpretations, and many assume regional uniformity or use key parameters that are recursive or extrapolated by mathematical methods. This study provides a more intuitive and robust economic framework for projecting regional economic growth based on a neoclassical economic model and shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) scenarios. A non-uniform version of SSP2 (the middle-of-the-road scenario) was developed, and more detailed population projections for China were adopted using municipal-level data for 340 districts and parameter settings based on China’s recent development. The results show that China’s GDP will vary substantially across SSPs by 2050. Per capita GDP ranges from 19,300 USD under SSP3 (fragmentation) to 41,100 USD under SSP5 (conventional development). Per capita GDP under SSP1 (sustainability) is slightly higher than under SSP2, but lower on average than under SSP5. However, SSP1 is a better choice overall because environmental quality and equity are higher. Per capita GDP growth will generally be higher in relatively low-income regions by 2050, and the upper-middle-income provinces will become China’s new engine for economic growth

Effect of Pre-cooking on Quality Change of Portunus trituberculatus during Frozen Storage

To investigate the effect of pre-cooking treatment on the quality of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) meat during frozen storage, the differences in the quality of group C (control without any treatment), group H-F (heating followed by frozen storage) and group F-H (frozen storage followed by heating) during 180 d storage at −20 ℃ were evaluated in terms of their color difference, water-holding capacity (WHC), pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content, total viable count (TVC), and protein composition and microstructure. The results showed that the whiteness and WHC of the three groups decreased with storage time. The pH of group C decreased first and then increased, while the pH of the other two groups showed the opposite trend and then remained steady. The TVB-N content and TVC of all groups showed an overall upward trend. The TVB-N content and TVC of group H-F were (21.12 ± 0.58) mg/100 g and (4.03 ± 0.17) (lg(CFU/g)) after 180 d, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of group F-H. The microstructure of crab muscle in group C changed from clear and ordered to fuzzy and disordered during the frozen storage process, while pre-cooked crab meat maintained a better morphology. Besides, the results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggested that crab meat proteins in the three groups were degraded to different degrees during storage, which was more pronounced in group F-H than in group H-F. Therefore, pre-cooking treatment could efficiently reduce the quality deterioration of crab meat during frozen storage, which could provide a reference for subsequent research to improve the frozen storage quality of P. trituberculatus

Chinese expert consensus on minimally invasive interventional treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

Background and purposeTrigeminal neuralgia is a common condition that is associated with severe pain, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. When the efficacy of drugs is not satisfactory or adverse drug reactions cannot be tolerated, minimally invasive interventional therapy has become an important treatment because of its simple operation, low risk, high repeatability and low cost. In recent years, minimally invasive interventional treatments, such as radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF) of the trigeminal nerve and percutaneous microcompression (PMC), have been widely used in the clinic to relieve severe pain in many patients, however, some related problems remain to be addressed. The Pain Association of the Chinese Medical Association organizes and compiles the consensus of Chinese experts to standardize the development of minimally invasive interventional treatment of trigeminal neuralgia to provide a basis for its clinical promotion and application.Materials and methodsThe Pain Association of the Chinese Medical Association organizes the Chinese experts to compile a consensus. With reference to the evidence-based medicine (OCEBM) system and the actual situation of the profession, the Consensus Development Committee adopts the nominal group method to adjust the recommended level.ResultsPrecise imaging positioning and guidance are the keys to ensuring the efficacy and safety of the procedures. RF and PMC are the most widely performed and effective treatments among minimally invasive interventional treatments for trigeminal neuralgia.ConclusionsThe pain degree of trigeminal neuralgia is severe, and a variety of minimally invasive intervention methods can effectively improve symptoms. Radiofrequency and percutaneous microcompression may be the first choice for minimally invasive interventional therapy

Experimental investigation on the reinforcement of a high-pressure jet grouting pile for an ultra-shallow tunnel in a strongly weathered stratum

In this paper, the performance of a high-pressure grouting material and consolidation body, the key parameters of tunnel surrounding rock reinforcement, and the field reinforcement effect are compared and studied. The results show that 1) the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and seepage resistance of the consolidation body are related to the water–cement ratio. The permeability of the consolidation body increases with increasing water–cement ratio under the constant head; under the condition of a certain water–cement ratio, the strength increases with an increase in cement content. To meet the construction requirements and the slurry stability, a small water–cement ratio is appropriate. 2) Slurry pressure, rotary spray speed, and lifting speed on the single pile static load bearing capacity have a significant impact. Under the same static load conditions, the greater the slurry pressure, the lower the cumulative settlement value of the single pile, the cumulative settlement value increases less, and the amount of change in rebound is the same; with the increase in the rotational speed of the rotary spray, the lower the cumulative settlement value of the single pile, and the rate of change of the cumulative settlement value of the single pile decreases; and with the increase in the lifting speed, the cumulative settlement value of the single pile increases and the rate of change of the cumulative settlement value decreases. 3) The pile body cement soil is more uniform, has high strength, and is brittle, and the stratum where the slurry part is located is a loose powder clay layer and sandy layer. 4) After high-pressure jet grouting pile reinforcement, the top surrounding rock is more stable after the excavation of an ultra-shallow buried tunnel, the fissures between the surrounding rocks are filled with cement soil consolidation, and the integrity is improved. Certain piles also play a certain role in stopping water; high-pressure jet grouting pile reinforcement to improve the integrity of the surrounding rock played a role in consolidating the weak soil layer above the tunnel vault, creating conditions for the safe excavation of the shallow buried section of the tunnel

An internal ribosomal entry site mediates redox-sensitive translation of Nrf2

Nrf2 plays pivotal roles in coordinating the antioxidant response and maintaining redox homeostasis. Nrf2 expression is exquisitely regulated; Nrf2 expression is suppressed under unstressed conditions but strikingly induced under oxidative stress. Previous studies showed that stress-induced Nrf2 up-regulation results from both the inhibition of Nrf2 degradation and enhanced Nrf2 translation. In the present study, we elucidate the mechanism underlying translational control of Nrf2. An internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) was identified within the 5′ untranslated region of human Nrf2 mRNA. The IRESNrf2 contains a highly conserved 18S rRNA binding site (RBS) that is required for internal initiation. This IRESNrf2 also contains a hairpin structured inhibitory element (IE) located upstream of the RBS. Deletion of this IE remarkably enhanced translation. Significantly, treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and phyto-oxidant sulforaphane further stimulated IRESNrf2-mediated translation initiation despite the attenuation of global protein synthesis. Polyribosomal profile assay confirmed that endogenous Nrf2 mRNAs were recruited into polysomal fractions under oxidative stress conditions. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Nrf2 translation is suppressed under normal conditions and specifically enhanced upon oxidant exposure by internal initiation, and provide a mechanistic explanation for translational control of Nrf2 by oxidative stress

The fourth phase of the radiative transfer model intercomparison (RAMI) exercise : Actual canopy scenarios and conformity testing

The RAdiative transfer Model Intercomparison (RAMI) activity focuses on the benchmarking of canopy radiative transfer (RT) models. For the current fourth phase of RAMI, six highly realistic virtual plant environments were constructed on the basis of intensive field data collected from (both deciduous and coniferous) forest stands as well as test sites in Europe and South Africa. Twelve RT modelling groups provided simulations of canopy scale (directional and hemispherically integrated) radiative quantities, as well as a series of binary hemispherical photographs acquired from different locations within the virtual canopies. The simulation results showed much greater variance than those recently analysed for the abstract canopy scenarios of RAMI-IV. Canopy complexity is among the most likely drivers behind operator induced errors that gave rise to the discrepancies. Conformity testing was introduced to separate the simulation results into acceptable and non-acceptable contributions. More specifically, a shared risk approach is used to evaluate the compliance of RI model simulations on the basis of reference data generated with the weighted ensemble averaging technique from ISO-13528. However, using concepts from legal metrology, the uncertainty of this reference solution will be shown to prevent a confident assessment of model performance with respect to the selected tolerance intervals. As an alternative, guarded risk decision rules will be presented to account explicitly for the uncertainty associated with the reference and candidate methods. Both guarded acceptance and guarded rejection approaches are used to make confident statements about the acceptance and/or rejection of RT model simulations with respect to the predefined tolerance intervals. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.Peer reviewe