Participatory Planning: A Strategy for Organizing and Reinventing Urban Worn

The phenomenon of unstable major cities  especially in developing countries, is common in urban species. Although the effects of these settlements dating back to their cell, they are generally a reflection of the shortcomings and failures such as the lack of municipal services and capital, uneven and unhelpful networks and pathways, and their environmental problems . Until now, Governmental and private organizations in different countries have tried to excel and rebuild old and worn parts of a city. But, researches show that the most effective action on excelling and rebuilding worn parts is cooperation and participation of citizens. They can create some organizations and NGOs.  This study shows that citizen participation in development and rebuilding worn parts is in four axels including culture of people, the availability level of Collaborative Management requirements, and the rules and laws governing people's lives. So, in this article, it is tried to make some managing patterns and human participation methods and finding merits and demerits of methods. These actions can be done by studies in libraries and finding some methods is suggested based on true and scientific management. Results indicated that the program of excelling and rebuilding of urban worn parts are one of expanding cities politics. There are lots of capacities on building houses and increasing urban facilities access. But the realization of this program due to its heavy investment requirement, and according to the widely -worn parts can be done only by public participation and public secto

Participatory Planning: A Strategy for Organizing and Reinventing Urban Worn

The phenomenon of unstable major cities  especially in developing countries, is common in urban species. Although the effects of these settlements dating back to their cell, they are generally a reflection of the shortcomings and failures such as the lack of municipal services and capital, uneven and unhelpful networks and pathways, and their environmental problems . Until now, Governmental and private organizations in different countries have tried to excel and rebuild old and worn parts of a city. But, researches show that the most effective action on excelling and rebuilding worn parts is cooperation and participation of citizens. They can create some organizations and NGOs.  This study shows that citizen participation in development and rebuilding worn parts is in four axels including culture of people, the availability level of Collaborative Management requirements, and the rules and laws governing people's lives. So, in this article, it is tried to make some managing patterns and human participation methods and finding merits and demerits of methods. These actions can be done by studies in libraries and finding some methods is suggested based on true and scientific management. Results indicated that the program of excelling and rebuilding of urban worn parts are one of expanding cities politics. There are lots of capacities on building houses and increasing urban facilities access. But the realization of this program due to its heavy investment requirement, and according to the widely -worn parts can be done only by public participation and public secto

Participatory Planning: A Strategy for Organizing and Reinventing Urban Worn

The phenomenon of unstable major cities  especially in developing countries, is common in urban species. Although the effects of these settlements dating back to their cell, they are generally a reflection of the shortcomings and failures such as the lack of municipal services and capital, uneven and unhelpful networks and pathways, and their environmental problems . Until now, Governmental and private organizations in different countries have tried to excel and rebuild old and worn parts of a city. But, researches show that the most effective action on excelling and rebuilding worn parts is cooperation and participation of citizens. They can create some organizations and NGOs.  This study shows that citizen participation in development and rebuilding worn parts is in four axels including culture of people, the availability level of Collaborative Management requirements, and the rules and laws governing people's lives. So, in this article, it is tried to make some managing patterns and human participation methods and finding merits and demerits of methods. These actions can be done by studies in libraries and finding some methods is suggested based on true and scientific management. Results indicated that the program of excelling and rebuilding of urban worn parts are one of expanding cities politics. There are lots of capacities on building houses and increasing urban facilities access. But the realization of this program due to its heavy investment requirement, and according to the widely -worn parts can be done only by public participation and public secto

Therapeutic Benefits of Saffron in Brain Diseases: New Lights on Possible Pharmacological Mechanisms

Saffron is dried stigmas of Crocus sativus flowers, an extensively used spice and food additive because of its color and taste. Biologically, Saffron belongs to the carotenoid family with major active components such as crocin, safranal, and crocetin. Saffron has widely been used for traditional and herbal medicine. Clinically, Saffron has shown both safety and efficacy in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Saffron has the neuroprotective activity because of its chemical active moieties. Saffron's efficacy has been examined in some brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, and depression because of its chemically active moieties. In this chapter, we have explored the pharmacological insight of saffron for its benefits in brain-related diseases. It has been proposed that Saffron and its actives have the modulatory action on acetylcholinesterase activity, dopaminergic signaling, amyloid-β (Aβ), free radical scavenging activity, microglial activation, mitochondrial function, notch signaling pathway, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, nuclear dactor. -κ. B activation, mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling, and Aβ. On other hand, Saffron has shown to counteract altered behavioral parameters such as learning and memory, motor function, and seizures in experimental brain diseases. It may be proposed possibly that saffron can serve as therapeutic herbal medicine for various brain-related conditions in humans. The exact mechanisms for the neuroprotection are not explicitly known. This chapter tries to shed a light on possible mechanisms to provide one of the research directions for molecular biologists and pharmacologists