Submarines for Aviators

What does a docent at the Pima Air & Space Museum know about submarines? A lot! Find out in this light-hearted yet informative look how they developed, how they ‘fly’ through the water and what they can do. Learn their history from WW II to the birth of nuclear propulsion and the modern missile and attack submarines. Remember, aviators may look down on them but the subs are also looking up

ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR SMALL-SCALE FUEL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION

Small-scale alcohol plants will have difficulty in supplying fuel that is competitive in cost with petroleum-based fuels. This is based upon economic findings form interdisciplinary research with a pilot fuel alcohol plant. Results of economic-engineering cost analyses and of fuel and feed byproduct returns analyses are shown. Fuel and feed transportation costs are also considered in determining the economic feasibility prospects for small-scale plants producing hydrous ethanol from grain.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Calculation of the Stability Index in Parameter-Dependent Calculus of Variations Problems: Buckling of a Twisted Elastic Strut

We consider the problem of minimizing the energy of an inextensible elastic strut with length 1 subject to an imposed twist angle and force. In a standard calculus of variations approach, one first locates equilibria by solving the Euler--Lagrange ODE with boundary conditions at arclength values 0 and 1. Then one classifies each equilibrium by counting conjugate points, with local minima corresponding to equilibria with no conjugate points. These conjugate points are arclength values $\sigma \le 1$ at which a second ODE (the Jacobi equation) has a solution vanishing at $0$ and $\sigma$. Finding conjugate points normally involves the numerical solution of a set of initial value problems for the Jacobi equation. For problems involving a parameter $\lambda$, such as the force or twist angle in the elastic strut, this computation must be repeated for every value of $\lambda$ of interest. Here we present an alternative approach that takes advantage of the presence of a parameter $\lambda$. Rather than search for conjugate points $\sigma \le 1$ at a fixed value of $\lambda$, we search for a set of special parameter values $\lambda_m$ (with corresponding Jacobi solution \bfzeta^m) for which $\sigma=1$ is a conjugate point. We show that, under appropriate assumptions, the index of an equilibrium at any $\lambda$ equals the number of these \bfzeta^m for which \langle \bfzeta^m, \Op \bfzeta^m \rangle < 0, where \Op is the Jacobi differential operator at $\lambda$. This computation is particularly simple when $\lambda$ appears linearly in \Op. We apply this approach to the elastic strut, in which the force appears linearly in \Op, and, as a result, we locate the conjugate points for any twisted unbuckled rod configuration without resorting to numerical solution of differential equations. In addition, we numerically compute two-dimensional sheets of buckled equilibria (as the two parameters of force and twist are varied) via a coordinated family of one-dimensional parameter continuation computations. Conjugate points for these buckled equilibria are determined by numerical solution of the Jacobi ODE

Evidence on the Economic Feasibility of Small Scale Fuel Alcohol Production

Findings from interdisciplinary research at South Dakota State University with a pilot fuel alcohol plant are presented. That research and other studies indicate that small plants will have difficulty in competing with larger plants and in supplying fuel that is competitive in cost with petroleum-based fuels

Framework for Examining the Economic Feasibility of Small Scale Alcohol Plants

The feasibility of producing fuel alcohol from grain has received much attention from the Midwest and Plains States over the last few years. There has been interest in plants ranging from quite small on farm stills to very large, fuel-feed complexes costing many millions of dollars. As a result of this interest, several studies of the economic feasibility of large-scale fuel alcohol plants were conducted and published in the late 1970. More recently, a few studies of the economics of smaller-scale plants have been initiated, and some of the results are now beginning to appear in print (Hutchinson and Dobbs; Atwood and Fischer).Except for extension oriented materials, (e.g., Dobbs; Doering) however, there has as yet been little detailed analysis of the set of interrelated procurement, production, marketing, and financial organization factors which influence the economic feasibility of small-scale plants. The purpose of this Staff Paper is to specify the methodological components required for such an analysis. The methodology will be illustrated with preliminary data and analysis from research underway with South Dakota State University\u27s pilot fuel alcohol plant. Components of plant feasibility analysis which receive consideration are: 1.access to and cost of the feedstock input; 2. plant capital and operating costs; 3. utilization, transportation, and marketing of the plant\u27s fuel and animal feed products; and 4. organizational and financial considerations for a small-scale plant

Alternative Crops for Ethanol Fuel Production: Agronomic, Processing, and Economic Considerations

This report is a result of the fuel alcohol research team\u27s broadened focus during 1983. A comprehensive literature review was carried out to explore alternative starch and sugar crop alternatives for ethanol fuel production. Although the literature search was quite inclusive with respect to geographic regions, special emphasis was given to the agronomic and economic potential of various fuel alcohol crops in the Northern Plains region of the U.S., of which South Dakota is a part, and in LDCs of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Our intent was to thereby determine possible energy crops deserving of more fuel alcohol research attention in the Northern Plains and also provide a document of use to ourselves and others considering various crops for fuel alcohol production in LDCs. Development assistance agencies, and universities such as SDSU which work with them, must be able to assess the energy producing potential of agricultural economies, along with food and fiber producing potentials. One kind of energy production that may be technically and economically feasible in some LDCs is fuel alcohol production from starch and sugar crops. (In this report, the terms alcohol and ethanol are used interchangeably.

An amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor route to oxide electronics

Amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) invented only one decade ago are now being commercialized for active-matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) backplane applications. They also appear to be well positioned for other flat-panel display applications such as active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) applications, electrophoretic displays, and transparent displays. The objectives of this contribution are to overview AOS materials design; assess indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) TFTs for AMLCD and AMOLED applications; identify several technical topics meriting future scrutiny before they can be confidently relied upon as providing a solid scientific foundation for underpinning AOS TFT technology; and briefly speculate on the future of AOS TFTs for display and non-display applications

Project RISE: Recognizing Industrial Smoke Emissions

Industrial smoke emissions pose a significant concern to human health. Prior works have shown that using Computer Vision (CV) techniques to identify smoke as visual evidence can influence the attitude of regulators and empower citizens to pursue environmental justice. However, existing datasets are not of sufficient quality nor quantity to train the robust CV models needed to support air quality advocacy. We introduce RISE, the first large-scale video dataset for Recognizing Industrial Smoke Emissions. We adopted a citizen science approach to collaborate with local community members to annotate whether a video clip has smoke emissions. Our dataset contains 12,567 clips from 19 distinct views from cameras that monitored three industrial facilities. These daytime clips span 30 days over two years, including all four seasons. We ran experiments using deep neural networks to establish a strong performance baseline and reveal smoke recognition challenges. Our survey study discussed community feedback, and our data analysis displayed opportunities for integrating citizen scientists and crowd workers into the application of Artificial Intelligence for social good.Comment: Technical repor

Scientists\u27 Use of Journals: Differences (and Similarities) Between Print and Electronic

Studies conducted over the last three decades demonstrate that scientists read widely from scholarly journals. Scientists use these journals primarily for research and current awareness. Reading of scholarly articles has increased to approximately 110 to 120 articles per person per year, and a growing amount of these readings come from preprints and other separate copies. Scientists are also reading a greater percentage of new articles. In fall 2000 we surveyed scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to repeat a survey conducted in 1984. The primary aim of the recent survey was to identify the impact of electronic/ digital journal alternatives on information seeking and reading patterns of scientists. nearly one-third of journal articles read now come from electronic journals or digital databases. Evidence suggests that scientists are reading from a broader range of journals than in the past, influenced by timely electronic publishing and by growth in bibliographic searching and interpersonal communication as means of identifying and locating articles. Although the scholarly journals system has changed dramatically in the past few decades, it is evident that the value scientists place on the information found in scholarly journal articles, whether electronic or print, remains the same

Targeted polypharmacology: discovery of dual inhibitors of tyrosine and phosphoinositide kinases.

The clinical success of multitargeted kinase inhibitors has stimulated efforts to identify promiscuous drugs with optimal selectivity profiles. It remains unclear to what extent such drugs can be rationally designed, particularly for combinations of targets that are structurally divergent. Here we report the systematic discovery of molecules that potently inhibit both tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases, two protein families that are among the most intensely pursued cancer drug targets. Through iterative chemical synthesis, X-ray crystallography and kinome-level biochemical profiling, we identified compounds that inhibit a spectrum of new target combinations in these two families. Crystal structures revealed that the dual selectivity of these molecules is controlled by a hydrophobic pocket conserved in both enzyme classes and accessible through a rotatable bond in the drug skeleton. We show that one compound, PP121, blocks the proliferation of tumor cells by direct inhibition of oncogenic tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases. These molecules demonstrate the feasibility of accessing a chemical space that intersects two families of oncogenes