Rendimiento y eficiencia en el uso del agua por el olivo (Olea europaea L.) en funcion de cuatro tratamientos de riego en el valle de Guadalupe, B.C. : Rendimento e eficiência no uso da água pela oliveira (Olea europaea L.) em função de quatro tratamentos de irrigação no vale de Guadalupe, B.C.

54% da área nacional de oliveiras do México está estabelecida na Baja California, que é servida por 90 produtores. Este importante setor enfrenta o desafio da escassez de água para irrigação causada pela baixa pluviosidade e pelo esgotamento dos aquíferos. Portanto, estudos são necessários para conhecer os efeitos do déficit hídrico na produtividade e eficiência no uso da água pela oliveira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer os rendimentos e a eficiência do uso da água pela olivicultura em resposta a quatro programas de irrigação. Os tratamentos testados foram: 1) 30% da demanda hídrica da cultura (30% Etc); 2) 40% etc.; 3) 50% Etc e 4) programa do produtor (controle). As maiores produções de frutos (16,14 ton ha) foram alcançadas com o tratamento 50% Etc, no qual foram aplicados 2.665 m3 ha de água, enquanto as menores (9,33 t ha) corresponderam ao tratamento testemunha, com volume de 2.080 m3 ha. Os resultados mostraram que a maior eficiência no uso da água foi alcançada com os tratamentos 30%, 40% e 50% Etc, com os quais foram necessários em média 164 l de água para obter um kg de azeitona, enquanto que com o produtor exigia 223 litros/kg

Efectos de tres tecnicas de riego sobre los rendimientos y eficiencia en el uso del agua por la vid (Vitis vinifera L.) En el valle de Guadalupe, Bajacalifornia: Efeitos de três técnicas de irrigação no rendimento e na eficiência do uso da água pela vinha (Vitis vinifera L.) No vale de Guadalupe, Bajacalifornia

En la costa de Ensenada en Baja California, se elaboran los vinos de mayor calidad y se producen el 90% de los vinos mexicanos. Actualmente esta importante actividad vitivinícola enfrenta una seria crisis de falta de agua para el riego debido al agotamiento de los mantos acuíferos. La escasez de agua pone en riesgo la producción de la vid y el vino, y el bienestar de los habitantes de la zona. Dada la baja disponibilidad de agua, es imperativo incrementar la eficiencia de uso en el viñedo. con el fin de contribuir a la rentabilidad y sustentabilidad de la viticultura. Una opción es encontrar técnicas de riego alternativas a la que generalmente usan los viticultores.  En el presente estudio se evaluaron las siguientes: 1) Riego de goteo convencional; 2) Secado Parcial de la Zona Radicular y 3) Riego Subsuperficial modificado, bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco repeticiones. Las variables medidas fueron: rendimiento de frutos, peso por fruto, eficiencia en el uso del agua, longitud de brotes, y °Brix y pH en los frutos. A las variables se les corrieron análisis de varianza y la prueba DMS. Las técnicas de riego no afectaron significativamente los rendimientos de frutos. La técnica secado parcial redujo significativamente la longitud de los brotes, y los °Brix y pH en los frutos. Esta misma técnica promovió una mayor eficiencia en el uso del agua, al requerirse 199 lt para producir un kg de frutos, esto es 10% menos agua que es el convencional

Incorporación de la igualdad de género en un programa de estudios universitarios en México

Gender equality has taken on an important role in the university environment, which leads to changes in the structures of universities in their legislation and administration, promoting a transformation from their mission, vision, philosophy, values, which form the basis of their organizational culture. This research analyzes the study plans and programs implemented in a faculty, the challenges, and actions in the field of gender studies, this leads to analyze and identify opportunities of the existing problem to propose strategies to support the student community.  It is based on the legal framework based on the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (CPEUM), international treaties, the UN 2030 Agenda, and other laws and regulations on gender that address the issue of Gender Equality, continuing with the analysis of some subjects of the curriculum map program of a bachelor\u27s degree.  Where areas of opportunity were found, which could contribute to professional training with a gender perspective.La igualdad de género ha tomado un papel relevante en el ámbito universitario, lo que propicia que se realicen cambios en las estructuras de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) en su legislación y su administración, promoviendo una transformación desde su misión, visión, filosofía, valores, que forman la base de la cultura organizacional de la misma. En esta investigación se analizan los planes y programas de estudio implementados en una facultad, los retos y acciones en materia de estudios de género, esto conlleva a analizar e identificar oportunidades de la problemática existente para proponer estrategias de apoyo a la comunidad estudiantil. Se parte del marco legal a partir de Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM), tratados internacionales, la Agenda 2030 de la ONU, y demás leyes y reglamentos en materia de género que abordan el tema de igualdad de género, continuando con el análisis de algunas materias del programa del mapa curricular de una licenciatura, en donde se encontraron áreas de oportunidad, que pudieran contribuir a una formación profesional con perspectiva de género

Biological Activities of Extracts from Aerial Parts of Salvia pachyphylla Epling Ex Munz

Abstract: The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and enzyme inhibitory properties of five extracts from aerial parts of Salvia pachyphylla Epling ex Munz were examined to assess the prospective of this plant as a source of natural products with therapeutic potential. These properties were analyzed by performing a set of standard assays. The extract obtained with dichloromethane showed the most variety of components, as they yielded promising results in all completed assays. Furthermore,theextractobtainedwithethylacetateexhibitedthegreatestantioxidantactivity,aswell as the best xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Remarkably, both extracts obtained with n-hexane or dichloromethane revealed significant antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria; additionally, they showed greater antiproliferative activity against three representative cell lines of the most common types of cancers in women worldwide, and against a cell line that exemplifies cancers that typically develop drug resistance. Despite that, other extracts were less active, such as the methanolic or aqueous; their results are promising for the isolation and identification of novel bioactive molecules

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Docking Studies of Chalcone and Flavone Analogs as Antioxidants and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Several oxidative processes are related to a wide range of human chronic and degenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, which also has been related to cholinergic processes. Therefore, search for new or improved antioxidant molecules with acetylcholinesterase activity is essential to offer alternative chemotherapeutic agents to support current drug therapies. A series of chalcone (2a–2k) and flavone (3a–3k) analogs were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, and antioxidant agents using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2-20-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•), and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Compounds more active were 3j and 2k in DPPH with EC50 of 1 × 10−8 and 5.4 × 10−3 µg/mL, respectively; 2g and 3i in ABTS (1.14 × 10−2 and 1.9 × 10−3 µg/mL); 2e, 2f, 3f, 2j, and 3j exceeded the α-tocopherol control in the β-carotene assay (98–99% of antioxidant activity). At acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, flavones were more active than chalcones; the best results were compounds 2d and 3d (IC50 21.5 and 26.8 µg/mL, respectively), suggesting that the presence of the nitro group enhances the inhibitory activity. The docking of these two structures were made to understand their interactions with the AChE receptor. Although further in vivo testing must be performed, our results represent an important step towards the identification of improved antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Lasiodiplodia gilanensis used as model for understanding the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae

Lasiodiplodia spp. cause degenerative diseases, dieback and plant death in a wide range of woody plants. To understand the fungal behavior of the genus we are using Lasiodiplodia gilanensis as a model. A transcriptional study revealed that the fungus is capable of using the phenylpropanoid precursors and salicylic acid to avoid the host defense response of the plant. On another hand, several genes encoding enzymes involved in different melanin synthesis pathways; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-melanin, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin and pyomelanin; were identified and their production evauated, concluding that the fungus use diferent types of melanin to overcome environmental stress. An in silico analysis shows the presence of those genes in all the available genomes of Botryosphaeriaceae in the GeneBank, evidencing the importance of the melanin in this family. L. gilanensis produces siderophores of catechol and hydroxamate-type as well as naturally esterified fatty acids that might have a role in plant growth regulation. A plethora of hydrolytic enzymes is also produced, including xylanases, ligninases, cellulases, pectinases, cutinases, and hemicelluloses. Another secondary metabolite produced is oxalic acid, reported as a pathogenicity factor in other fungi, which role is under evaluation. Microscopical observations showed that the fungus uses the starch deposited in the ray cells as carbon source, induces the production of suberin and phenolic compounds and colonizes the vascular cambium, ray parenchyma, and the vascular bundles. These studies extend our understanding of the pathogenicity of a widely distributed pathogenic fungus with our final goal to control the diseases it causes.Fil: Rangel Montoya Edelweiss. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Baja California; MéxicoFil: Paolinelli, Marcos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hernández Martínez Rufina. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Baja California; México11th International Workshop on grapevine trunk diseasesPentictonCanadáOregon Wine Research Institut

Data from proteome analysis of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Botryosphaeriaceae)

Trunk disease fungi are a global problem affecting many economically important fruiting trees. The Botryosphaeriaceae are a family of trunk disease fungi that require detailed biochemical characterization in order to gain insight into their pathogenicity. The application of a modified Folch extraction to protein extraction from the Botryosphaeriaceae Lasiodiplodia theobromae generated an unprecedented data set of protein identifications from fragmentation analysis and de novo peptide sequencing of its proteome. This article contains data from protein identifications obtained from a database-dependent fragmentation analysis using three different proteomics algorithms (MSGF, Comet and X! Tandem via the SearchGUI proteomics pipeline program) and de novo peptide sequencing. Included are data sets of gene ontology annotations using an all-Uniprot ontology database, as well as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-only and a Candida albicans-only ontology database, in order to discern between those proteins involved in common functions with S. cerevisiae and those in common with the pathogenic yeast C. albicans. Our results reveal the proteome of L. theobromae contains more ontological categories in common to C. albicans, yet possesses a much wider metabolic repertoire than any of the yeasts studied in this work. Many novel proteins of interest were identified for further biochemical characterization and annotation efforts, as further discussed in the article referencing this article (1). Interactive Cytoscape networks of molecular functions of identified peptides using an all-Uniprot ontological database are included. Data, including raw data, are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD005283. Keywords: Trunk-disease fungi, LC-nanoESI-MS, Proteomics, de novo peptide sequencing, Gene ontolog

Rhizobacteria Associated with a Native Solanaceae Promote Plant Growth and Decrease the Effects of Fusariumoxysporum in Tomato

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are often utilized to improve crop health and productivity. Nevertheless, their positive effects can be hindered if they fail to withstand the environmental and ecological conditions of the regions where they are applied. An alternative approach to circumvent this problem is a tailored selection of bacteria for specific agricultural systems. In this work, we evaluated the plant growth promoting and pathogen inhibition activity of rhizobacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of Mariola (Solanum hindsianum), an endemic shrub from Baja California. Eight strains were capable of inhibiting Fusarium oxysporum in vitro, and thirteen strains were found to possess three or more plant-growth-promotion traits. Molecular identification of these strains, using 16 s rRNA partial sequences, identified them as belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces. Finally, the effect of selected plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains on the growth and suppression of Fusarium wilt in tomato was evaluated. Results showed that these strains improved tomato plants growth under greenhouse conditions and reduced Fusarium wilt effects, as reflected in several variables such as length and weight of roots and stem. This work highlights the potential of native plants related to regionally important crops as a valuable source of beneficial bacteria

Developing a microscope image dataset for fungal spore classification in grapevine using deep learning

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) result from various fungi invading grapevine wood, leading to a decline in quality and yield. Accurate identification of fungal species is vital for effective disease management. Visual inspection through microscopy is a commonly used method, but distinguishing similar microorganisms within the same genus can be challenging. For precise identification, molecular methods are often required, despite being relatively costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a novel method for classifying four species of grapevine wood fungi using deep learning algorithms. We evaluate the performance of four different deep learning architectures, ResNet-50, VGG-16, MobileNet, and InceptionV3, in the classification of grapevine fungal spores from our microscope image dataset. During our tests, the proposed classification methodology achieved an accuracy of up to 97.40 %. Our approach can facilitate the development of more efficient and accurate methods for fungal species identification and has potential applications in viticulture and plant pathology research

Efectos del cambio climático sobre el potencial vitícola de Baja California, México

Baja California has the only portion Mexico with Mediterranean climate, whose main features are rains in winter and hot dry summers. In this region, located in the northwest of the State, higher quality wines are produced in Mexico. It is estimated that 90% of Mexican wines are obtained from fruits produced in about 3 500 hectares of vineyards established in various agricultural valleys. The quality of regional wines is attributed to a large extent, the average temperature of 19.8 °C presented over the period of vine growth (April to October) and the absence of rainfall during the ripening period fruits, which reduces the risk of damaging the fruit by plant pathogens. The favourable temperatures mentioned above may be modified by the anticipated effects of climate change, as has been documented in other wine regions. This would change the production potential of the valley where the wine industry currently develops, which in turn would have a significant impact on the socioeconomic status of the population that depends on this agroindustrial activity. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of climate change on the production potential of Baja California, including its current wine regions. We worked with the daily data of 55 conventional weather stations managed by the State management of the CNA in B. C. For the characterization and definition of wine,we used four indices of temperature: development degree days (GDD), free period of frost (PLH), cold hours (CH) and maximum average temperatures (TMM). To simulate the effects of climate change on the production potential of the regions, the Information System Climate Change of the INIFAP was used; which is based on the use of an ensemble model that provides climate values weighted with 10 general circulation models (GCMs). The scenarios obtained can predict that in the future (2051-2060), that in the current wine regions in Baja California, there will be an important accumulation of GDD and TMM increased. Because of this, these regions will no longer have the right to produce high quality wines, unless new cultivars or clones that are adapted to the conditions of higher temperatures are found, new management practices are applied in plant, modifying the design of the vineyards, or adjustments in the process of winemaking. In contrast, due to a decrease in PLH, high regions (> 800 m) adjacent to the mountains of Juárez and San Pedro Martir, as well as parts of the valleys of Ojos Negros and Trinidad have suitable conditions for growing table vine winemaking. Finally it was found that, the region of the coastal strip running from the south of the city of Ensenada to San Vicente, maintained without significant temperature changes its characteristics conducive to growing grapes.Baja California posee la única porción en México con clima tipo mediterráneo, cuyas características principales son lluvias en invierno y veranos secos y cálidos. En esta región ubicada en el Noroeste del Estado, se producen los vinos de mayor calidad en México. Se estima que 90% de los vinos mexicanos se obtienen de frutos producidos en alrededor de 3 500 ha de viñedos establecidos en diversos valles agrícolas. La calidad de los vinos regionales es atribuida en buena proporción, a la temperatura media ambiente de 19.8 °C que se presenta durante el período de crecimiento de la vid (de abril a octubre) y a la ausencia de lluvias durante el período de maduración de los frutos, lo que reduce el riesgo de daños a los frutos por parte de fitopatógenos. Las temperaturas favorables ya mencionadas, pueden verse modificadas por los previsibles efectos del cambio climático, tal como ha sido documentado en otras regiones vitícolas del mundo. Lo anterior cambiaría el potencial vitícola de los valles donde actualmente se desarrolla la industria vitivinícola, lo que a su vez tendría un impacto importante sobre la situación socioeconómica de la población que depende de esta actividad agroindustrial. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar los efectos del cambio climático sobre el potencial vitícola del estado de Baja California, incluyendo sus regiones vitivinícolas actuales. Se trabajó con los datos diarios de 55 estaciones climatológicas convencionales manejadas por la gerencia estatal de la CONAGUA en B C. Para la caracterización y definición del potencial vitícola se utilizaron cuatro índices de temperatura que fueron: grados días de desarrollo (GDD), período libre de heladas (PLH), horas frío (HF) y temperaturas medias máximas (TMM). Para simular los efectos del cambio climático sobre el potencial vitícola de las regiones identificadas, se utilizó el Sistema de Información de Cambio Climático del INIFAP; el cual está basado en la utilización de un modelo ensamble que proporciona valores climáticos ponderados con 10 modelos de circulación general (MCG). Los escenarios obtenidos permiten prever que a futuro (2051-2060), que en las regiones vitivinícolas actualmente en producción de Baja California, existirá un aumento importante en la acumulación de los GDD y las TMM. Debido a lo anterior, estas regiones dejarán de tener las temperaturas adecuadas para producir vinos de alta calidad, a menos que se encuentren nuevos cultivares o clones que se adapten a las condiciones de mayores temperaturas, se apliquen nuevas prácticas de manejo de las plantas, se modifique el diseño de los viñedos, o se realicen ajustes en los procesos de vinificación. En contraste, debido a una disminución del PLH, las regiones altas (>800 m de altura) aledañas a las sierras de Juárez y San Pedro Mártir, así como partes de los Valles de Ojos Negros y la Trinidad tendrían condiciones adecuadas para el cultivo de la vid con propósito de elaboración de vinos de mesa. Por último se encontró que la región de la franja costera que va desde el sur de la Ciudad de Ensenada hasta San Vicente, mantendrá sin cambios significativos sus características de temperaturas propicias para el cultivo de la vid