Programa para la preparación técnico táctico del voleo por arriba en la iniciación del voleibol, categoría 11- 12 años.

Present work, discuss the dynamics to confront the process of sports preparation one becomes of the fundamental priorities of modern sports for the sake of obtaining lofty achievements, in this sense intentness lends itself to the sports initiation and within this to the development of technical tactical abilities of volley for he arrives that they constitute a fundamental link to attain the results that are expected. We accomplished a diagnostic study in order to know the parade of the process of technical tactical preparation of volley for he leads in Volleyball, within categories 11 - 12 years in both sexes and the fact that difficulties within the process exist verified itself, since the trainers of sports combinations do not have a program for which getting his bearings during the planning of technical tactical preparation of volley for he arrives. In bibliographic revision we found valuable referent criteria to the sports initiation and the development of technical tactical abilities in investigated ages, they assume the criteria of the Dr Rafael Navelo Cabello to design the program for technical tactical preparation of volley, for above category 11-12 years. The program was submitted to the opinion of specialists by means of the method I eat Delphy being considerate adapted for the end that is proposed. We backed up ourselves in recognized methods like valid for Physical Culture that contributes scientific level to more innovative investigation.El presente trabajo aborda la dinámica de enfrentar el proceso de preparación deportiva es una de las prioridades fundamentales del deporte moderno  en aras de obtener elevados logros, en este sentido se presta gran atención a la iniciación deportiva y dentro de esta al desarrollo de habilidades técnico tácticas del voleo por arriba que constituyen un eslabón fundamental para alcanzar los resultados que se esperan. Realizamos un estudio diagnóstico con el propósito de conocer la marcha del proceso de preparación técnico táctica del voleo por arriba en el Voleibol, dentro de las categorías 11 - 12 años en ambos sexos y se constató que existen dificultades dentro del proceso, ya que los entrenadores de los combinados deportivos no cuentan con un programa por el cual guiarse durante la planificación de la preparación técnico táctica del voleo por arriba. En la revisión bibliográfica encontramos valiosos criterios referentes a la iniciación deportiva y el desarrollo de habilidades técnico táctica en las edades investigadas, asumen los criterios del Dr. Rafael Navelo Cabello, para diseñar el programa para la preparación técnico táctica del voleo por arriba de la categoría 11-12  años. El programa fue sometido al criterio de los especialistas por medio del método Delphy siendo considerado como apropiado para el fin que se propone. Nos apoyamos en métodos reconocidos como válidos por la Cultura Física lo que aporta nivel científico a la investigación más novedoso

Spectral denoising in hyperspectral imaging using the discrete wavelet transform

The use of hyperspectral sensors has gained relevance in agriculture due to its potential in the phytosanitary management of crops. However, these sensors are sensitive to spectral noise, which makes their real application difficult. Therefore, this work focused on the analysis of the spectral noise present in a bank of 180 hyperspectral images of mango leaves acquired in the laboratory, and the implementation of a denoising technique based on the discrete wavelet transform. The noise analysis consisted in the identification of the highest noisy bands, while the performance of the technique was based on the PSNR and SNR metrics. As a result, it was determined that the spectral noise was present at the ends of the spectrum (417-421nm and 969-994nm) and that the Neigh-Shrink method achieved a SNR of the order of 1011 with respect to the order of 102 of the original spectrum

Spatiotemporal effects of Hurricane Ivan on an endemic epiphytic orchid: 10 years of follow-up

Background: Hurricanes have a strong influence on the ecological dynamics and structure of tropical forests. Orchid populations are especially vulnerable to these perturbations due to their canopy exposure and lack of underground storage organs and seed banks. Aims: We evaluated the effects of Hurricane Ivan on the population of the endemic epiphytic orchid Encyclia bocourtii to propose a management strategy. Methods: Using a pre- and post-hurricane dataset (2003–2013), we assessed the population asymptotic and transient dynamics. We also identified the individual size-stages that maximise population inertia and E. bocourtii’s spatial arrangement relative to phorophytes and other epiphytes. Results: Hurricane Ivan severely affected the survival and growth of individuals of E. bocourtii, and caused an immediate decline of the population growth rate from λ = 1.05 to λ = 0.32, which was buffered by a population reactivity of ρ1 = 1.42. Our stochastic model predicted an annual population decrease of 14%. We found an aggregated spatial pattern between E. bocourtii and its host trees, and a random pattern relative to other epiphytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that E. bocourtii is not safe from local extinction. We propose the propagation and reintroduction of reproductive specimens, the relocation of surviving individuals, and the establishment of new plantations of phorophytes.This work was supported by the Inter-ministerial Commission for Science and Technology under Grant [CICYT-Spain, Project CGL2015-69985-R]; and the Havana Project of the University of Alicante

Effect of the moderate and high intensity chronic exercise on plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha and Langerhans islets histology in healthy rats

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, negatively affects β-cell physiology and morphology, as occurs during type 1 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Physical exercise is a good tool to reduce the pro-inflammatory state. PURPOSE: The present study investigated the effects of moderate and high-intensity chronic exercise on plasma TNF-α levels in a basal state; it further analyzed whether these cytokine changes are associated with changes in the pancreatic Langerhans islets morphology under healthy state. METHODS: Two month-old healthy male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (C) (n = 7), moderate intensity training (MIT) (n = 7), and high intensity training (HIT) (n = 5). The training protocol consisted of 24 exercise sessions, which involved running in a treadmill. The training intensity was 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) for MIT and 80% VO2max for HIT. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, plasma samples were obtained from the three groups to determine TNF-α and insulin levels with ELISA method. The duodenal pancreas was dissected to analyze the Langerhans islets. The correlation analysis among the nuclei/total islet area was carried out. RESULTS: The HIT group showed lower TNF-α plasma levels compared with the C group. Systemic insulin levels were not significantly modified in basal state by the chronic exercise intensity. In addition all the experimental groups showed a positive nuclei/islet area correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Under healthy conditions, the high intensity training reduces the plasma TNF-α level, but this effect is not associated with functionality or morphology changes of the pancreatic Langerhans islets. This study emphasizes the importance of one threshold in the exercise training to reduce the plasmatic TNF-α levels in a healthy state model

Route Analysis Through Filial Generations of Modern Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

In Mexico, to reduce production costs, small producers use tomato seeds of advanced generations such as F2 and F3. The objectives of this study were to measure the efficiency of using advanced populations of some commercial tomato hybrids and to identify the most important yield components associated with yield. Seven saladette-type hybrids of indeterminate growth were evaluated, as well as their respective generations F2s and F3s under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation of the three generations was carried out during the 2013 agricultural cycle. Three harvests were made at 82, 94 and 136 days after transplanting. The experiment was carried out under a randomized complete block experimental design, with 4 replications and 10 individuals per repletion. The obtained results indicated that there were significant differences for few traits in F2 and F3. Path analysis showed that the total number of fruits had the highest direct and indirect effects on yield through generations. Based on our analysis, the advanced generations of ‘LORETO’, ‘CUAUHTÉMOC’ and ‘ESPARTACO’ could be used by the small growers since low values of inbreeding depression was observed in F2 and F3.Objective: To measure the efficiency of using advanced generations of some commercial tomato hybrids for small farmers and to identify the most important yield components associated with yield. Design/Methodology/Approach: Seven saladette-type hybrids of indeterminate growth were evaluated, as well as their respective generations F2s and F3s under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation of the three generations was carried out during the 2013 agricultural cycle. Three harvests were made at 82, 94 and 136 days after transplanting. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with 4 replications and 10 plants per replication. Results: Results indicated that there were significant differences for a few traits in F2 and F3. Path analysis showed that the total number of fruits had the highest direct and indirect effects on yield through generations. Limitations of the study/implications: The usefulness of advanced generations of tomato commercial hybrids would depend on the genetic background of the parental lines that take part in such as hybrids, as some hybrids would present high inbreeding depression depending on the genetic composition of their progenitors. Findings/Conclusions: Advanced generations of ‘LORETO’, ‘CUAUHTÉMOC’ and ‘ESPARTACO’ could be used by the small growers since low values of inbreeding depression were observed in F2 and F3 familie

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de suplementos nutricionales en asistentes a gimnasios de la Ciudad de México

Introduction: In Mexico, the proportion of people who exercise and those who consume nutritional supplements has increased, which could imply a greater risk of undesirable consequences for health, because its use is not regulated. Previous studies have reported the relationship between the use of nutritional supplements with gym attendees’ sociodemographic characteristics, experience, and training goals, but not with indicators of body image self-perception. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1,135 Mexican adults aged 18 to 40 years. Exercise, nutritional, and supplementation habits were investigated. Using Poisson regression models, the relationship of sociodemographic characteristics, exercise, and self-perceived body image with the use of NS was analyzed. Results: 58.0% of the participants were men, 46.2% had consumed a NS and 35.4% currently used them. The most consumed NS were sports drinks (28.7%) and protein (23.6%). Supplement consumption was higher in men, in older participants, in those who have trained during more time, and those with functional impairment caused by training habits. Nutritionists were the third source to recommend NS, after coaches and friends. Conclusions: Almost half of the gym attendees have consumed some NS. There are groups that are more likely to consume NS, which may require further investigation regarding the reasons that explain this situation.Introducción: En México ha aumentado la proporción de personas que realizan ejercicio y de quienes consumen suplementos nutricionales (SN), lo cual podría implicar mayor riesgo de consecuencias no deseables para la salud, debido a que su uso no está regulado. Estudios previos han reportado la relación del uso de SN con características sociodemográficas y la experiencia u objetivos de entrenamiento de asistentes a gimnasios, pero no con indicadores de la autopercepción de la imagen corporal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 1.135 de adultos mexicanos de 18 a 40 años. Se indagó sobre hábitos de entrenamiento, de alimentación y de suplementación. Mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson se analizó la relación de características sociodemográficas, de entrenamiento y autopercepción de la imagen corporal con el uso de SN. Resultados: 58,0% de los participantes fueron hombres y 42,0% fueron mujeres, 46,2% habían consumido algún SN y 35,4% lo consumía durante el estudio. Los SN más consumidos fueron bebidas deportivas (28,7%) y proteína (23,6%). El consumo de SN fue mayor en hombres, participantes de mayor edad, con más tiempo entrenando y con deterioro funcional por dismorfia muscular. Los nutricionistas fueron la tercera fuente que recomendó SN, después de entrenadores y amigos. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los asistentes a gimnasios han consumido algún SN. Existen grupos que tienen mayor probabilidad de consumir SN, lo que puede requerir mayor indagación respecto a las razones que explican esto