KEMAMPUAN ADSORPSI KITOSAN UNTUK ION LOGAM TIMBAL (Pb2+) DAN KADMIUM (Cd2+)

 ABSTRACT Chitosan is natural polymer that has been known to posses the capacity to adsorb various transition metals. This capacity of adsorption is resulted from the ability of chitosan to form complex compound with metal, especially Pb and Cd. The  formation of chitosan-metal complex is enabled by the presence of active hydroxil group in chitosan molecule. The results of this study on adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ revealed the existence of linear relationship between the amount of the metal adsorbed with concentration of the metal tested. It was found that for Pb2+, the maximum adsorption was 10.32 mg/g which was achieved for the metal concentration of 50 mg/L, and 24.998 mg/g for Cd2+ at metal concentration of 100 mg/L. The optimum contact time for adsorption was found to be 24 hours for both metals. The adsorption was found to take place with the adsorption energy of 29.82 kJ/mol for Pb2+ and 17.23 kJ/mol for Cd2+.  Keywords:  chitin, chitosan, adsorption, transition metal, and toxic metal

The Effect of Zeolite/Chitosan Hybrid Matrix for Thermal-stabilization Enhancement on the Immobilization of Aspergillus fumigatus α-Amylase

In this paper, the A. fumigatus α-amylase had been immobilized onto zeolite/chitosan hybrid to improve its thermal-stabilization for industrial needs. The methods applied enzyme production, isolation, partial purification, immobilization, and characterization. The optimum temperatures of the native and immobilized enzymes were 50 and 55˚C, respectively. The native enzyme has KM of 3.478 ± 0.271 mg mL-1 substrate and Vmax of 2.211± 0.096 µmole mL-1 min-1, while the immobilized enzyme has KM value of 12.051 ± 4.949 mg mL-1 substrate and Vmax of 1.602 ± 0.576 µmole mL-1 min-1. The residual activity of the immobilized enzyme retained up 10.97% after fifth reuse cycles. The native enzyme has ΔGi of 104.35 ± 1.09 kJ mole-1 and t½ of 38.75 ± 1.53 min, while the immobilized enzyme has ΔGi of 108.03 ± 0.05 kJ mole-1 and t½ of 180.03 ± 3.31 min. According to the increase in half-life (t½), stability improvement of the A. fumigatusα-amylase was 4.65 times greater than the native enzyme. Thus, the zeolite/chitosan hybrid is used as a new supporting matrix for further enzyme immobilization to stabilize the enzymes. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-03-06 Full Text: PD

Fertilitas Dan Persentase Embrio Kerbau Sampai Morula Yang Dikultur Dengan Penambahan Glutathione Secara in Vitro

The concentration of high fat content in buffalo embryo culture media is very influential on the increase in oxidative stress that occurs in conditions of in vitro. The occurrence of increased oxidative stress in the process of embryo culture in vitro, would result in lower percentage of embryo culture until the morula stage (32) cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of fertilized oocytes supplemented with glutathione. To know the development of the embryo until the morula stage (32) cells were cultured in the culture medium supplemented with glutathione (GSH). To determine the viability of morula stage embryo or 32 cells. The materials used in this study is ovarian buffaloes and methods used in this study is an experimental method in the laboratory. Based on these results it can be concluded that the addition of glutathione 1.5 mM in media oocyte maturation buffalo in vitro provide a significant influence on the percentage of maturation ie (P <0:01) or 62.5% and in line with the high percentage of oocytes matured in treatment increase glutathione 1.5 mM, then the percentage of oocytes were successfully fertilized also higher, namely 88.98%. Furthermore, the addition of 3 mM glutathione in embryo culture media in vitro buffalo give a significant influence on the percentage of embryo development to the morula stage or cell 32, namely (P <0.01) in, or 40.73%

The Historical Development of Local Government Administration and Its Contemporary Realities in Nigeria

Local government is the government at the grassroots closest to the people. It is the tier of government administration that coordinates the activities of citizens at the local community levels. Local government as a concept of government existed long before the arrival of the colonialists. There were forms of local government administrations in Nigeria before colonial rule. During colonialism, the British's indirect rule system was built upon existing local administrations in Nigeria. However, the story is not the same for local government administration regarding structure and organization in the country today. The study x-rayed the various phases and eras of local government development in Nigeria. It further analyzed the present realities of local administration in the country. The study employed a qualitative approach. The qualitative data were generated from interview responses from relevant stakeholders (such as Traditional leaders and senior local government administrative staff). Also, data were gathered from existing relevant literature. Data collected were analyzed using the context analysis method. The study revealed that local government administration in Nigeria has passed through torturous phases. It identified the lack of local government autonomy amongst others as the main challenge bedeviling its development in the country. The study concluded with recommendations to reposition local government for effective service delivery as Nigeria's third tier of government

The EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION OF PAITAN (Tithonia diversifolia) LIQUID EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF TISSUE CULTURAL PRODUCTS OF BARANGAN BANANA (Musa acuminata L.) SEEDLINGS

Bananas (Musa spp.) are tropical plants that are very popular in Indonesia. Banana plants in the nursery require a planting medium that contains the nutrients the plants need. Tithonia is an annual weed that is suitable for use as a source of plant nutrients. This research aims to determine the effect of giving Tithonia liquid extract on the growth of Barangan banana seedlings resulting from tissue culture at the seedling stage and the best dose for using Tithonia liquid extract. This research was conducted at the Germplasm Nursery and Breeding Laboratory of the Tropical Fruit Plant Research Institute, Solok, West Sumatra, from September to December 2020. This research used the RAL method&nbsp;(Completely Randomized Design) with four treatments and six replications, in the form of 1) Without Tithonia extract, 2) Giving 1 ml of Tithonia extract, 3) Giving 2 ml of Tithonia extract, and 4) Giving 3 ml of Tithonia extract. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter. Data was tested statistically. If calculated F &gt; F table then it is tested further using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) with a level of 5%. The results of the research showed that giving Tithonia liquid extract had an effect on the growth of Barangan banana seedlings resulting from tissue culture. Significantly different results were obtained for the leaf width increase parameter. On the other hand, the results were not significantly different for other parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and stem diameter. Giving 1 ml of Tithonia liquid extract was the best dose in this study

Reduction of 4-nitrophenol Mediated by Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Peronema canescens

In this study, we developed an alternative of 4-nitrophenol reduction mediated by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which was synthesized using aqueous extract of the Peronema canescens leaf through an eco-friendly approach. The reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol mediated by AgNPS in the presence of sodium borohydride as a hydrogen source proceeded rapidly at room temperature without any additional treatments. The AgNPS synthesis was simple and was carried out under mild conditions. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was performed to examine the properties of the obtained AgNPs, which displayed an absorption peak at 431 nm. A transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape and had an average particle size of 19 nm as determined by particle size analysis. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK POTONG MELALUI PENYEDIAAN PAKAN FERMENTASI DAN PENCEGAHAN PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT MULUT DAN KUKU DI KELOMPOK TANI SAPAKEK BASAMO KOTA SOLOK

Sapakek Basamo adalah satu kelompok tani ternak yang berada di Rimbo Berantai Kelurahan Tanah Garam Kecamatan Lubuk Sikarah Kota Solok yang berdiri sejak tahun 2019. Jenis usaha yang dijalankan adalah pegembangan usaha ternak sapi pembibitan dan penggemukan sapi potong unggul jenis Simmental. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh kelompok tani ternak selama ini adalah masih rendahnya ketersediaan pakan yang berkualitas serta rendahnya ilmu pengetahuan tentang upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit pada ternak sapi baik pada kelompok sapi pembibitan maupun sapi penggemukan. Umumnya pemberian pakan berupa hijauan rumput lapangan, jerami padi dan ampas tahu, hal ini menunjukkan rendahnya kualitas pakan yang diberikan dan menyebabkan pengembangan sapi bibit dan sapi penggemukan berjalan lambat. Pada kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini diberikan penyuluhan ilmu pengetahuan terutama tentang penyediaan pakan berupa tehnologi pakan fermentasi dan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penaykit mulut dan kuku yang sedang mewabah pada saat ini.&nbsp; Metode yang dipakai dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini berupa metoda penyuluhan/ceramah&nbsp; dan diskusi bersama anggota kelompok tani ternak. Dari hasil pengabdian ini anggota kelompok tani ternak sangat antusias mengikut kegiatan penyuluhan dan berdiskusi langsung bersama tim pengabdian. Tehnologi penyediaan pakan ternak dengan fermentasi sudah dipahami begitu juga pentingnya upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit mulut dan kuku pada ternak. Peternak mengharapkan sekali untuk dilaksanakan kegiatan vaksinasi PMK oleh pihak terkait sebagai upaya pencegahan PMK

Reaching Out to Group Contingencies in the ESL Classroom

The most significant task for a teacher is to keep students engaged in the classroom. Teachers can use group contingencies like independent, dependent, and interdependent to assist students in being more involved in classroom tasks. This study identifies the effects of group contingencies in regulating students' engagement in ESL classroom tasks. Samples comprise 27 Form 4 mixed-ability students from a secondary school in Selangor, Malaysia. The research used a mixed-method approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings revealed positive motivation, task retention, and teamwork promotion outcomes. Student behaviour was found to have a detrimental impact, particularly among the weaker students, who were boisterous and essentially riders. Interdependent group contingency has been determined to be the most successful method for regulating student engagement in ESL classes. This study suggests that students be divided into interdependent groups to ensure that classroom evaluations be done independently within the allotted time. It also has a good impact on the students' motivation and teamwork

Karakteristik Film Polietilen Tergrafting Asam Akrilat Diperoleh dengan Metoda Radiasi Gamma

In this study, high density polyethylene (PE) film (thickness 80 μm) was modified by grafting of acrilic acid (AA) onto the film using 15 kGy of gamma irradiation as initiator, applied at different exposure times. In addition to irradiation dose, other variables investigated are concentration of AA, the type of solvent, and polymerization time carried out at 60 oC. The succes of the graft copolymerization processes was confirmed by analysing the grafted film using FTIR spectroscoy, which revealed the existence of absorption band at wave number of 1721 cm-1 (assigned to C=O), and that at 3385 cm-1 (assigned to -OH), and the physical endurance of the sample was evaluated by carrying out tensile strength measurement. The percent of grafting was determined according to the gravimetric method. The results indicated that the highest percent of grafting was obtained by application of 2-hour irradiation time, with monomer concentration of 30% in water as a solvent, grafting temperature of 60 oC. Activity of grafted was evaluated by measurement of the absorption capacity toward water and Cu2+ ion, and revealed the increase of the absorption capasity with increased percent of grafting. Keywords: Graft copolymerization, acrylic acid, low density polyethylene, gamma irradiation, water absorbency, absorption of cupric io

EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN SERUM SAPI PESISIR FASE BERAHI TERHADAP PEMATANGAN OOSIT KERBAU SECARA IN VITRO

This study aims to determine the percentage of buffalo oocytes matured in TCM-199 medium supplemented bovine serum pesisir estrus phase in vitro. Furthermore, to improve the efficiency of in vitro embryo production in buffalo cattle with bovine serum pesisir supplementation estrus phase.Buffalo oocytes matured in TCM-199 medium in 5% CO2 incubator and each treatment was added bovine serum pesisir estrus phase with different concentrations (0%, 10% and 20%).Parameters observed in this study is the percentage of buffalo oocytes matured without the addition of bovine serum pesisir estrus phase, the percentage of mature oocytes by the addition of bovine serum pesisir estrus phase 10% and the percentage of buffalo oocytes were matured by the addition of bovine serum pesisir estrus phase 20% are in vitro.Percentage of buffalo oocytes matured with the addition of bovine serum pesisir phase estrus as much 20% showed a highly significant difference (P <0.01) which is 70.04% when compared with the maturation by the addition of 10% bovine serum pesisir is 56.00% and without bovine serum pesisir estrus phase is 36.96% are in Virto.Based on the results of this study concluded that supplementation with bovine serum pesisir phase concentration of 20% in the maturation medium TCM-199 significantly (P <0.01) in increasing the level of maturation of buffalo oocytes in vitro compared with the addition of bovine serum pesisir estrus phase and without the addition of 10% bovine serum pesisir (control)