Assessing the Economic Tradeoffs Between Prevention and Suppression of Forest Fires

Decades of successful fire suppression efforts have led to the overgrowth of today’s forests. As a result, there has been an increase in severe wildfire events and total fire suppression spending. Management of a forest prior to a fire, through techniques such as mechanical thinning, prescribed fire, etc., can help decrease the severity of a fire and the cost to suppress it. We formulate systems of differential equations to represent the dynamics before and after a fire. The time of fire occurrence is given as a random variable with a specified distribution. Using optimal control methods, we determine an optimal management expenditure schedule for a forest before a fire occurs and optimal suppression costs of a fire once it occurs

Darstellung und Untersuchungen ternärer und quaternärer Halogenopalladate mit besonderer Beachtung von Redoxreaktionen: Pd(II) / Pd(IV) im Festkörper

In dieser Dissertation wird über die Fortschritte im Bereich der Synthese undCharakterisierung ternärer und quaternärer Halogenopalladate sowie verwandterStrukturen berichtet. Es gelang die Synthese und strukturchemische Beschreibungder Kristallstrukturen von Cs2[PdBr4]I2, Cs2[PdCl4]I2, Rb2[PdBr4]I2,Cs4Au2PdCl12, Rb4Au2PdCl12, Cs4Au2PdI12, Cs2[AuBr2][AuBr4], Cs[AuCl4],[N(C2H5)4][AuCl4], [N(CH3)4]2[PdCl4], [N(CH3)4][Pd2I5], [Pd(C5H5N)2](SCN)2und [Pd(C5H5N)4][Hg(SCN)4)]. Die Kristallstrukturen wurden mittels Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyseund ergänzend durch schwingungsspektroskopische Untersuchungenbestimmt. Zur Untersuchung der Festkörper-Redoxreaktionen derVerbindungen Cs2[PdI4]I2, Cs2[PdBr4]I2 und Cs2[PdCl4]I2 wurden Hochdruck-Röntgenpulverbeugungsmethoden eingesetzt. Hierdurch konnten Einblicke indie Mechanismen der Festkörper-Redoxreaktion zu Cs2[PdI6], Cs2[PdBr4I2] undCs2[PdCl4I2] gewonnen und detaillierte kristallografische Daten aus Rietveldverfeinerungenextrahiert werden

Eggs or meat? Environmental impact and efficiency assessment of chicken protein production with potential of Hermetia illucens use in feed

This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing laying hen to broiler chicken production. Sustainability and protein conversion efficiency are considered. The protein-to-protein conversion was calculated per 1t of feed protein consumed by birds and per 1 kg of protein in end products for human consumption. Additionally, a part of the commercial feed was replaced by live black soldier fly larvae, reared on Gainesville diet, and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). Results of the LCA showed significant differences in integrated impacts between different production systems and different chicken feeds but not between different insect feeds. The most environmentally friendly scenario is insect (FVW) fed broiler. In protein conversion efficiency (PCE) assessment, laying hen production achieved better PCE than broiler chicken when protein quality is considered. Main influencing factors on results were feed production, composition, and protein content. Due to many assumptions made, results should be viewed critically

Atmospheric Neutrinos

The results of experiments on atmospheric neutrinos are summarized, with the important exception of Superkamiokande. The main emphasis is given to the Soudan-2 and MACRO experiments. Both experiments observe atmospheric neutrino anomalies in agreement with nu_mu-->> nu_tau oscillations with maximum mixing. The nu_mu-->> nu_sterile oscillation is disfavored by the MACRO experiment.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of TAUP99 Conference College de France - Paris 6-10 September 1999 11 pages 12 figure

Eggs or meat? Environmental impact and efficiency assessment of chicken protein production with potential of Hermetia illucens use in feed

This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing laying hen to broiler chicken production. Sustainability and protein conversion efficiency are considered. The protein-to-protein conversion was calculated per 1t of feed protein consumed by birds and per 1 kg of protein in end products for human consumption. Additionally, a part of the commercial feed was replaced by live black soldier fly larvae, reared on Gainesville diet, and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). Results of the LCA showed significant differences in integrated impacts between different production systems and different chicken feeds but not between different insect feeds. The most environmentally friendly scenario is insect (FVW) fed broiler. In protein conversion efficiency (PCE) assessment, laying hen production achieved better PCE than broiler chicken when protein quality is considered. Main influencing factors on results were feed production, composition, and protein content. Due to many assumptions made, results should be viewed critically

Citizen Science beyond Science: A Collaborative Approach for Transformative Sustainable Development

In this paper, we lean on experiences from South Africa as a point of departure for discussing the unrealized potentials and complications of applying collaborative, transformative citizen science (CS). We first show the value of exploring community-based ecological restoration and artistic approaches in ecological and development research. Building on these empirical insights, we outline ideas for integrating CS into such research, not only to collect additional data, but as a way to increase incentives and capacities among both CS participants and researchers, and to change mindsets across time and institutional scales. Multiple interlinked Sustainable Development Goals are within reach, exemplified by the monitoring and advancement of Clean Water, Life on Land, and Sustainable Cities and Communities—critical goals to address current and prospective demographic and climatic changes in the context of fast-expanding urban environments and beyond

Environmental impact of feeds utilized for poultry protein productions: soybean vs insect larvae

•Broiler production has slightly higher protein efficiency than egg production • Laying hen production achieved higher single score results than broiler production • The production of feed has by far the largest share of the environmental impact of the entire production • Decrease of environmental impact due to introduction of larva