Assessing the Link between Language and Identity: The Construction of Identities among Belgian-Turkish Migrants

Multiculturalism and multilingualism are inevitable consequences of international migration. Contact between different linguistic or ethnic groups causes the development of expressions specific to one’s identity and for migrants it results in the construction of hybrid identities which are very complex to define and understand without knowing the conditions of their construction processes. This paper aims to contribute to the literature about the identity construction of migrants, to assess the link between language and identity in this process. In this regard, I have pursued a qualitative research focusing on the second-generation Turkish-speaking community in Belgium. As a result of the study, it is observed that the migrants’ ideologies show traces of national discourses most of the time but their actual language performances and practices contradict these ideologies. The immigrants facing institutional or cultural racism in the host country create new multidimensional and transnational spheres in which they perform multiple identities through varying language usages. This research aims to provide a more comprehensive and deeper analysis regarding the link among language ideologies, linguistic differences and identity construction processes in the contemporary Europe, starting from the Belgian case by taking into account the linguistic aspect in a supra-national environment

Examination of attitudes of nursing department senior students towards caring nurse-patient interactionHemşirelik bölümü son sınıf öğrencilerinin bakım odaklı hemşire-hasta etkileşimine yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesi

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the attitudes of senior students in the nursing department towards caring nursing-patient interaction.Method: The research is planned descriptively and cross-sectional. The research sample consisted of 57 students who were educated in the last year of the nursing department in the academic year of 2016-2017. In the collection of research data; "Student Presentation Form" and “Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction (CNPI) Scale”.Results: The significance, sufficiency and applicability dimension of CNIPS were 326.56±24.17, 287.43±44.05, 276.89±43.96, respectively. Morever, it was found that the highest average scores of the subscales were in "needs" and the lowest scores were in the "sensitivity" subscale. It was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the average ages of the students, their gender, reasons for choosing the profession, difficulties in relation to the patient and social relations, and the significance, sufficiency and applicability dimensions of the scale (p>0.05).Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that the attitudes and behaviors of the students participating in the study were significant, sufficient and practicable for all sub-dimensions of care-focused nurse-patient interaction.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşirelik bölümü son sınıf öğrencilerinin bakım odaklı hemşire-hasta etkileşimine yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesidir.Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak planlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2016-2017 akademik yılında hemşirelik bölümü son sınıfta öğrenim gören 57 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verilerinin toplanılmasında; araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan “Öğrenci Tanıtım Formu” ve “Bakım Odaklı Hemşire-Hasta Etkileşimi Ölçeği (BOHHEÖ) ” kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: BOHHEÖ’nin önemlilik, yeterlilik ve uygulanabilirlik boyutu toplam puan ortalamaları ise sırasıyla 326.56±24.17, 287.43±44.05, 276.89±43.96 olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca, alt ölçeklerden en yüksek puan ortalamalarının “gereksinimler” ve en düşük puan ortalamalarının ise “duyarlılık” alt boyutunda olduğu saptandı. Öğrencilerin yaş ortalamaları, cinsiyet, mesleği seçme nedenleri, hasta ile ilişkilerde ve sosyal ilişkilerde güçlük yaşama durumları ile ölçeğin önemlilik, yeterlilik ve uygulanabilirlik boyutları toplam puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark olmadığı bulundu (p>0.05).Sonuç: Öğrencilerin bakım odaklı hemşire-hasta etkileşiminin tüm alt boyutlarının önemli, yeterli ve uygulanabilir olduğuna ilişkin tutum ve davranışlarının olumlu yönde olduğu görülmüştür

Infectious Agents And Antibiotic Susceptibility Isolated from CSF Samples of The Patients With Prediagnosis of Nosocomial and Community-Acquired Meningitidis

AbstractIn our study we aimed to contribute survelliance data espesially to increase awareness on treatment plannig for nosocomial meningitis.Meterials and MethodsFor this we collected data about 15519 cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) patients with nosocomial and community based meningitis suspicion during six years. After culturing bacterias identification and susceptibility test made automatised system and susceptibility state evaluated according to CLSI standards.ResultsFrom a total of 10632 samples, 53% of them was male and 47% was female. Only 7% growth was from this samples. 23% and 76% of samples were from children and adolescent, respectively. CSF samples from community mostly gave growth to coagulase-negative staphilococci (CNS) (58%) and S. aureus (20%), while nosocomially isolated agents were as CNS (60%) and Acinetobacter spp. (11.4%). Despite CNS, Enterobacter spp.-mostly Klebsiella and Enterococcus growth from CSF samples were mostly isolated agents in children, in adolescents this order was as CNS and Acinetobacter spp. Predominance among gram positive agents isolated from CSF samples were CNS and S. aureus with resistance patern to penisillin and methicillin as 96% and 97%, and %83 and 36%. Resistance rates of S. pneumonia isolates to penicillin and ceftriaxone were as 18% and 5%, respectively; however ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin resistance in enterococci were %52, %63 and %6, respectively. Mostly isolated agents from all samples as gram negative were Acinetobacter species with susceptibility rates of 40% to amikacin and 58% to meropenem in general.ConclusionWe observed that distribution of menigitis causing microorganisms could be affected by presence of underlying factors

Temporal changes in the flow route of the great menderes river and the uses of the oxbow

Amaç: En önemli yer üstü su kaynaklarından birisi olan sulak alanlar kendine özgü biyolojik çeşitliliği, taşkın kontrolü, iklim özelliklerine olumlu etkileri ve ülke ekonomisine katkıları gibi birçok nedenlerden dolayı büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Büyük Menderes Nehri akış güzergahında meydana gelen değişimler ve bunun sonucu ortaya çıkan sulak alan niteliğindeki boynuz göllerin uzaktan algılama yöntemi ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ile belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Boynuz göllerin mevcut kullanım durumları yapılan fiziksel ve kimyasal analizler ile ortaya konulmuştur. Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, temel kartografik materyal olarak standart topografik haritalar, Landsat-5, Landsat-8 ve Sentinel-2 uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Tespit edilen lokasyonlardan alınan toprak, sediment ve su örneklerinden de materyal olarak yararlanılmıştır. 1980, 1996 ve 2012 tarihli topografik haritalarda coğrafi düzeltme işlemi ve mozaikleme sonrası altlıklar oluşturulmuştur. Haritalar üzerinde yer alan eşyükselti, dere, akarsu ve boynuz göller sayısallaştırılarak veri tabanına aktarılmıştır. Altlık haritalar üzerinden tespit edilmiş olan 18 farklı boynuz gölden su ve sediment örneklemesi, tarımsal kullanım amacıyla doldurulmuş olanlardan ise 3 farklı derinlikten toprak örneklemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1985, 1990, 2010, 2015 ve 2020 tarihli uydu görüntülerinde kontrollü ve kontrolsüz sınıflandırma, NDWI ve MNDWI analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Menderes Nehri ve boynuz göllerde 32 yıl içinde meydana gelen değişimler sayısallaştırılan verilerden tespit edilmiştir. Su yüzeylerinin uzaktan algılama yöntemi ile tespitinde NDWI ve MNDWI analizlerinin başarısının sınıflandırma yöntemlerine göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kapatılmış boynuz göllerdeki toprakların genelde tınlı, hafif alkali, tuzsuz ve orta ile fazla kireçli, sediment örneklerinin ise siltli tın, hafif alkali, kireçli ve hafif tuzlu sınıfında yer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Makro ve mikro element içerikleri bakımından bor dışında önemli bir probleme rastlanmamıştır. Su örneklerinin çoğunlukla kaliteli ve az kirlenmiş sınıfında yer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Nitrat azotu bakımından ise örneklerin yarısından fazlasında kirlilik söz konusudur. Sonuç: Çalışma alanında Menderes nehri akış güzergahının, mendereslenme ve insan müdahaleleri sonucu 1980 ile 2012 yılları arası alansal olarak %18,58 azalarak değişime uğradığı ve 2020 yılına kadar bu azalmanın devam ettiği, boynuz göllerin ise ilk 16 yıl içinde %10,93 artış ve sonraki 16 yılda ise %19,82 azalma gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Nehir sisteminde su yüzeylerinin belirlenmesinde NDWI ve MNDWI yöntemlerinin %84 oranında başarılı sonuçlar verdiği, boynuz göllerde ise geniş alanlarda başarılı olunamayacağı belirlenmiştir. Boynuz göllerin ekolojik denge açısından korunması ve amaç dışı kullanımlarının önlenmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.Objective: Wetlands, which are one of the most important surface water resources, are of great importance for many reasons such as their unique biological diversity, flood control, positive effects on climate characteristics and their contributions to the country's economy. In this study, it is aimed to determine the changes in the flow route of the Great Meandros River and the resulting wetland oxbow with remote sensing and geographic information systems. The current use of oxbow has been revealed by physical and chemical analysis. Material and Methods: In the study, standard topographic maps, Landsat-5, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used as basic cartographic material. Soil, sediment and water samples were taken at predetermined locations, and analysed. After geocorrection and mosaicing the bases were created on the topographical maps dated 1980, 1996 and 2012. Contours, streams, rivers and oxbows on the maps were digitized and transferred to the database. Water and sediment sampling was carried out from 18 different oxbows determined on the base maps, and soil sampling was carried out from 3 different depths from those filled for agricultural use. Supervised and unsupervised classification, NDWI and MNDWI analyzes were performed on satellite images dated 1985, 1990, 2010, 2015 and 2020. Results: The changes that occurred in the Meandros river and the horn lakes in 32 years were determined from the digitized data. It has been determined that the success of NDWI and MNDWI analyzes in the detection of water surfaces by remote sensing is higher than the classification methods. The soils in the closed horn lakes are generally loamy, slightly alkaline, unsalted and moderately to highly calcareous, and the sediment samples are in the silty loam, slightly alkaline, calcareous and slightly salty class.In terms of macro and micro element contents, no significant problem was encountered except boron. The water samples were mostly classified as high quality and less polluted. In terms of nitrate nitrogen, there is pollution in more than half of the samples. Conclusion: In the study area, the Meandros river’s flow route changed spatially by 18,58% between 1980 and 2012 as a result of meandering and human interventions, and this decrease continued until 2020. Oxbows showed an increase of 10.93% in the first 16 years and a decrease of 19.82% in the following 16 years. It was determined that NDWI and MNDWI methods gave successful results at a rate of 84% in the determination of water surfaces in the river system, but they could not be successful in large areas in oxbows. It was concluded that oxbows should be protected for ecological balance and their misuse should be prevented.İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY .......................................................................................................i TEŞEKKÜR ...................................................................................................................ii İÇİNDEKİLER...............................................................................................................iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ...................................................................v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ........................................................................................................viii RESİMLER DİZİNİ.......................................................................................................ix ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ...................................................................................................x EKLER DİZİNİ..............................................................................................................xi ÖZET..............................................................................................................................xii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................xiii 1. GİRİŞ..........................................................................................................................1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ...............................................................................................6 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM......................................................................................15 3.1. Materyal...................................................................................................................15 3.1.1. Çalışma Alanına Ait Bilgiler................................................................................16 3.1.1.1. Coğrafi Konum..................................................................................................16 3.1.1.2. İklim ..................................................................................................................16 3.1.1.3. Ekoloji ...............................................................................................................17 3.1.1.4. Jeoloji ve Jeomorfoloji ......................................................................................20 3.1.1.5. Toprak Özellikleri..............................................................................................22 3.2. Yöntem ....................................................................................................................23 3.2.1. Büro Çalışmaları Aşaması....................................................................................23 iv 3.2.2. Arazi Çalışmaları Aşaması ...................................................................................25 3.2.3. Laboratuvar Çalışmaları Aşaması ........................................................................26 4. BULGULARVE TARTIŞMA....................................................................................28 4.1. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Analizleri ve Tematik Haritaların Oluşturulması.............28 4.2. Analiz Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi ...................................................................35 4.2.1. Toprak Örnekleri Analiz Sonuçları ......................................................................35 4.2.2. Sediment Örnekleri Analiz Sonuçları...................................................................46 4.2.3. Su Örnekleri Analiz Sonuçları..............................................................................52 4.3. Uzaktan Algılama Verileri Analizleri .....................................................................57 5. SONUÇ.......................................................................................................................65 KAYNAKLAR...............................................................................................................68 EKLER ...........................................................................................................................74 BİLİMSEL ETİK BEYANI ...........................................................................................76 ÖZGEÇMİŞ....................................................................................................................7

Rabita as a technology of the self and a self-care practice in Sufism:the case of the İskenderPaşa community

This thesis examines the Sufi notion rabıta as a “technology of the self” and a “self care” practice in Sufism from a Foucauldian perspective. Rabıta (the full name is Rabıta-i Şerife) is a kind of meditational practice peculiar to the Naqshbandiyya and is divided into three categories: rabıta-ı mevt (contemplation of death), rabıta-ı mürşid (contemplation of/connection with the sheik), and rabıta-ı huzur (contemplation of/connection with God). Apart from its theological roots, rabıta as a daily meditation duty is of substantial relevance to Sufi philosophy with regard to the purification of heart, the cultivation of the self as an ethical subject, and the quest for the esoteric knowledge of God through purified hearts. The Foucauldian perspective for evaluating how the self is constructed through certain technologies is beneficial for the insights it offers into the implications of rabıta as a method of self-cultivation. For this purpose, I benefit from three methods of qualitative research: discourse analysis, deep interviews, and participant observation. The results of this research reveal that rabıta as a self-care practice is constructed upon certain discursive mechanisms, each of which interacts with the others in a way that forms a discursive unity. Common discursive regularities and strategies constitute the Sufi discourse (in particular the Naqshbandi-İskenderpaşa discourse) and institutionalize rabıta as a discursive technology of self-care. Besides these discursive and performative strategies that construct rabıta as a self-care practice, some further discursive strategies and “modes of subjection” are also significant in transforming disciples into ethical subjects. Accordingly, this study aims to provide a preliminary contribution to the academic literature by focusing on one of the most recognized notions in Sufi tradition from a different philosophical perspective.Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv Öz ................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... viii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... ix CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Topic & Rationale of the Thesis ........................................................................ 1 1.2. Research Questions .......................................................................................... 2 1.3. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 3 1.3.1. The Naqshbandiyya, the İskenderpaşa Branch, and Rabıta ..................... 3 1.3.2. The İskenderpaşa Community .................................................................. 9 1.3.3. Rabıta ...................................................................................................... 10 1.3.4. Michel Foucault: From Subject/Power/Knowledge to Self-Care ........... 18 1.4. Methodological Framework ........................................................................... 21 1.4.1. The Fieldwork ......................................................................................... 22 1.4.2. Participant Observation .......................................................................... 23 1.4.3. Discourse Analysis .................................................................................. 24 1.5. Organization of the Thesis .............................................................................. 35 2. AN OVERVIEW OF SUFISM AND THE NAQSHBANDIYYA TARIQA ........................... 38 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 38 2.2. Understanding Gnosis of God (Marifetullah) ................................................. 38 2.2.1. The distinction between ilim and marifet .............................................. 39 2.2.2. The importance of a purified heart for acquiring marifetullah .............. 42 2.3. The Sufi path of love and beauty in the light of ihsan ................................... 47 2.3.1. Defining ihsan with reference to the Hadith of Gabriel ......................... 47 2.3.2. Ihsan as the level of utmost proximity to Allah ...................................... 51 2.4. Tazkiyat an-nafs for the purification of the heart and the soul ..................... 54 2.5. Brief introduction to The Naqshbandiyya and its founding principles .......... 57 3. THE NOTION OF “SELF-CARE” IN FOUCAULT AND SUFISM.................................... 66 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 66 3.2. Conceptualizing self-care as a work of ethics ................................................ 66 3.2.1. The nafs as the ethical substance of Sufism ........................................... 68 3.2.2. The problematization of taqwa in the sense of self-protection and self cultivation ......................................................................................................... 70 3.2.3. Mode of subjection, elaboration of ethical work, and telos of the ethical subject............................................................................................................... 73 3.2.4. Ethics-oriented moralities versus code-oriented moralities .................. 74 3.3. Technologies of the self as preliminary to self-care practices ....................... 76 3.3.1. The relationship between “the knowledge of the self” and “the care of the self” ............................................................................................................. 77 3.4. The renunciation of the self in Sufism ............................................................ 79 3.5. Marifetü’n-nefs as a technology of self-formation ........................................ 84 3.6. What are the self-care practices and how are they performed? ................... 88 3.6.1. Understanding the “self” ........................................................................ 89 3.6.2. Understanding the “care” ....................................................................... 90 3.6.3. Some examples of self-care practices .................................................... 91 4. RABITA AS A CONTEMPLATIVE PRACTICE OF SELF-CARE ....................................... 97 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 97 4.2. Definition of rabıta in the Naqshbandi-İskenderpaşa philosophy ................. 97 4.2.1. Classifications of rabıta........................................................................... 98 4.2.2. General manners and rules of performing rabıta ................................ 102 4.3. Existence or Non-existence: Rabıta-i mevt and the idea of death in Sufism105 4.3.1. Rabıta-i mevt: The contemplation of death .......................................... 105 4.3.2. Remembrance or Connection: Rabıta-i mevt and Memento Mori as self care practices .................................................................................................. 109 4.3.3. Rabıta-i mevt as a means of naming “The Unnamable”: ..................... 111 5. DISCURSIVE AND PERFORMATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF RABITA ........................ 113 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 113 5.1.1. Conceptualizing rabıta through metaphors ......................................... 114 5.1.2. Defining rabıta as a medium towards reaching the ultimate goal ....... 117 5.1.3. Legitimizing rabıta with reference to sacred texts ............................... 120 5.1.4. Framing the ultimate goal of rabıta based on a tripartite schema ...... 122 5.1.5. Identification of rabıta with rabıta-ı mürşid. ........................................ 127 5.1.6. Emphasizing the centrality of heart for rabıta: vukuf-i kalb ................ 129 5.2. Modes of subjection and the formation of ethical subjects through rabıta 134 5.3. Discursive Strategies of Forming Ethical Sufi Subjects ................................. 135 5.3.1. Modes of Subjection for Disciples ........................................................ 136 5.3.2. Modes of Subjection for the Master/Sheik .......................................... 140 6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 146 6.1. Simultaneous Disciplining of the body and the mind: Placing the Sufi self at the juncture of the intellect and performance ............................................... 150 6.2. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research .................................. 153 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 15

Antioxidant enzyme response of sorghum plant upon exposure to Aluminum, Chromium and Lead heavy metals

Objective: Sorghum has received great interest for resistance to heavy metals. Therefore, effects of Aluminum (Al), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 ppm) on antioxidant enzyme systems of Sorghum in root and leaf tissues were investigated