Trend of atherosclerosis risk factors in children of Isfahan

The prevalence of major atherosclerosis risk factors in Iran was evaluated in 1993 and again in 1999 in 4500 randomly selected children aged 2 to 18 years. Serum lipid levels were significantly higher than standard values in both sexes and in all age groups in the 1993 and 1999 studies. The increase in serum lipid levels was most marked in teenagers. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower than standard values in both studies. There were no significant differences in blood pressure percentiles or the prevalence of hypertension compared to standard values in 1993 and 1999. No case of diabetes mellitus was found. Although the prevalence of obesity was low in these studies (0.2% in 1993, and 0.35% in 1999), a two-fold rise in overweight subjects was noted (4% in 1993, 8% in 1999; p < 0.05), especially in school-aged and adolescent girls. In view of these results and the increasing incidence of coronary artery disease among young people, special attention should be paid to primary prevention

Anthropometric indices associated with dyslipidemia in obese children and adolescents: a retrospective study in isfahan

<p class="abstract"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Central obesity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Preventive interventions from childhood are necessary due to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WSR) are anthropometric indices for measurement of obesity. This study aimed to assess the association between these anthropometric indices and dyslipidemia in obese children and adolescents.</p> <p class="abstract"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; METHODS:</strong><strong> </strong>This retrospective study was done on the records of 2064 obese children and adolescents aged 6-18 years at the obesity clinic, in Isfahan Cardiovascular Research center. Age, gender, weight, height, WC, hip circumference (HC), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), Fasting blood sugar (FBS), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were taken from patients&rsquo; record. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data.</p> <p class="abstract"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; RESULTS:</strong> 2064 girls and boys aged 6-18 years were divided into 3 age groups of 6-9.9 years, 10-13.9 years and 14-18 years. Prevalence of high LDL-C, TC, TG, FBS, SBP, DBP and low HDL-C was higher among the boys compared to the girls. There was a significant association between TC, LDL-C, TG and FBS with BMI, WC, WHR and WSR. However, no significant correlation was seen between HDL-C and the four anthropometric indices.<strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p class="abstract"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Our study showed a significant correlation between BMI, WC and WSR with high levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in children and adolescents. Correlation between WHR and dyslipidemia in this study was significant but its predictive value was weaker than other three indices.</p> <p class="abstract">&nbsp;</p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td width="35" height="12"><br /></td></tr> <tr><td><br /></td> <td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table> &nbsp; <strong>Keywords:</strong> Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio, Waist to Height Ratio, Dyslipidemia, Children, Adolescents

High prevalence of goiter in schoolchildren in Isfahan; zinc deficiency does not play a role

Wstęp: Dane dotyczące znaczenia niedoboru cynku w etiologii wola endemicznego są niejednoznaczne. Celem niniejszego badania było ustalenie związku między stężeniem cynku w surowicy a występowaniem wola u dzieci w wieku szkolnym w Isfahanie. Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono w 2005 roku. Włączono do niego 2331 dzieci, u których oceniono palpacyjnie wielkość tarczycy. U części dzieci oznaczono stężenie jodu w moczu (UIC, urinary iodine concentration) i stężenie cynku w surowicy. Wyniki: Obecność wola stwierdzono u 32,9% dzieci. Średnie UIC wynosiło 195,5 &#956;g/l. Stężenie cynku w osoczu oznaczono u 94 dzieci z wolem i 326 dzieci, u których nie stwierdzono wola. Średnie stężenie cynku w osoczu &#177; odchylenie standardowe wynosiło 100,81 &#177; 22,33 &#956;g/dl u dzieci z wolem i 96,00 &#177; 25,79 &#956;g/dl u dzieci bez wola (p = 0,08). Częstość niedoboru cynku (stężenie cynku w surowicy &#8804; 65 &#956;g/dl) nie różniła się istotnie w grupie dzieci z wolem i bez wola (6,4% v. 8,0%, p = 0,61). Wnioski: Częstość występowania wola u dzieci w wieku szkolnym w Isfahanie jest nadal duża. Wydaje się, że niedobór cynku nie ma wpływu na znaczną liczebność przypadków wola w tym regionie. Wskazane są dalsze badania mające na celu identyfikację czynników zwiększających częstość występowania wola w Isfahanie. (Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61 (3): 287-290)Introduction: There are controversial data about the role of zinc deficiency in the aetiology of endemic goiter. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between zinc status and goiter in schoolchildren of Isfahan. Material and methods: This study was performed in 2005. Two thousand three hundred and thirty-one schoolchildren were enrolled, and thyroid size was determined by inspection and palpation. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and serum zinc level were measured in a group of those children. Results: The prevalence of goiter was 32.9%. The median UIC was 195.5 &#956;g/L. Serum zinc was measured in 94 goitrous and 326 nongoitrous children. The mean &#177; standard deviation of serum zinc in goitrous and non-goitrous children was 100.81 &#177; 22.33 and 96.00 &#177; 25.79 &#956;g/dL, respectively (P = 0.08). The prevalence of zinc deficiency (serum zinc &#8804; 65 &#956;g/dL) in goitrous and non-goitrous children did not differ significantly (6.4 % v. 8.0%, P = 0.61). Conclusions: The prevalence of goiter is still high in Isfahan schoolchildren. It seems that zinc status is not involved in the high prevalence of goiter in this region. The role of other possible goitrogens should be investigated in Isfahan. (Pol J Endocrinol 2010; 61 (3): 287&#8211;290

Comparison the effect of low glycemic index diet with healthy nutritional recommendations based diet on obese adolescent girls

زمینه و هدف: هر چند مطالعات بسیاری به ارزیابی تأثیر نمایه گلیسمی بر چربی خون در بزرگسالان پرداخته اند، اما اطلاعات در این زمینه برای کودکان و نوجوانان محدود است. هدف این تحقیق مقایسه اثرات رژیم غذایی با نمایه گلیسمی پایین (LGI) با رژیم غذایی مبتنی بر توصیه های تغذیه سالم (HNR) بر سطح فراسنج های لیپیدی و آپولیپوپروتئین ها در نوجوانان دختر مبتلا به اضافه وزن و چاقی بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی شده پنجاه دختر سالم چاق یا دارای اضافه وزن و با وضعیت بلوغ یکسان بطور تصادفی در یکی از دو گروه رژیم غذایی LGI و رژیم غذایی مبتنی بر HNR قرار گرفتند. افراد هر دو گروه، رژیم غذایی با ترکیب مشابهی از درشت مغذی ها (56-53 کربوهیدرات، 18-16 پروتئین و 30-27 چربی) دریافت و مصرف نمودند. ارزیابی های بیوشیمیایی شامل تری گلیسیرید (TG)، کلسترول تام (TC)، لیپوپروتئین با دانسیته پایین (LDL)، لیپوپروتئین با دانسیته بالا (HDL)، آپولیپوپروتئین های A (Apo A) و B (Apo B) و لیپوپروتئین (a) (Lpa) یک بار در ابتدا و یک بار در انتهای مطالعه انجام شد. مقایسه مقادیر قبل و بعد در هر گروه با آزمون t زوجی و مقایسه تغییرات مشاهده شده در دو گروه با آزمون t مستقل در نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. یافته ها: نمایه گلیسمی در گروه رژیم غذایی LGI کمتر از 50 بود (67/1 ± 67/42). میانگین نمایه توده بدنی در گروه LGI برابر 55/0 ± 97/27 متر بر مجذور قد و در گروه HNR برابر 01/1 ± 82/28 متر بر مجذور قد بود. میانگین سن در افراد گروه HNR از افراد گروه LGI به طور معنی داری بالاتر بود (27/0 ± 98/13 در مقابل 21/0 ± 18/13، 031/0=P). مقادیر متغیرهای بیوشیمیایی در ابتدا و انتهای مطالعه در بین دو گروه با یکدیگر تفاوتی نداشت. درصد تغییرات شاخص های چربی خون در بین گروه LGI و HNR نشان دهنده عدم وجود تفاوت معنی دار در تغییرات TG (به ترتیب 20/17± 90/27 و 53/10 ± 15/6؛ 274/0=P)، TC (به ترتیب 49/4 ± 58/5 و 63/3 ± 65/0-، 283/0=P)، HDL (به ترتیب 05/4 ± 20/1 و 07/3 ± 77/1-، 556/0=P)، LDL (به ترتیب 52/4 ± 35/4 و 32/3 ± 24/2-، 225/0=P)، Apo A (به ترتیب 73/5 ± 18/0- و 19/5 ± 37/9-؛ 242/0=P)، Apo B (به ترتیب 22/7±24/10 و 40/7±73/6؛ 738/0=P) و Lpa (به ترتیب 13/40 ±71/57 و 24/47 ± 18/97، 676/0=P) در بین دو گروه بود. نتیجه گیری: رژیم غذایی با نمایه گلیسمی پایین در مقایسه با رژیم غذایی مبتنی بر توصیه های تغذیه سالم تاثیر مفیدی در چربی خون ندارد

Association between Serum Ferritin and Goitre in Iranian School Children

Despite long-standing supplementation of iodine in Iran, the prevalence of goitre among general people remains high in some regions. The study investigated the role of iron status in the aetiology of goitre in school children in Isfahan, Iran. Two thousand three hundred and thirty-one school children were selected by multi-stage random sampling. Thyroid size was estimated by inspection and palpation. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and serum ferritin (SF) were measured. Overall, 32.9% of the children had goitre. The median UIC was 195.5 μg/L. The mean±SD of SF in the goitrous and non-goitrous children was 47.65±42.51 and 44.55±37.07 μg/L respectively (p=0.52). The prevalence of iron deficiency in goitrous and non-goitrous children was 9.6% and 3.1% respectively (p=0.007). Goitre is still prevalent in school children of Isfahan. However, their median UIC was well in the accepted range. Iron deficiency is associated with goitre in a small group of goitrous children. The role of goitrogens should also be investigated in this region

Sonographic assessment of congenitally hypothyroid children in Iran

Introduction: Considering the high prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in Isfahan, it seems that it is necessary to investigate the aetiology of the disorder and its related factors. The aim of this study was to determine the aetiology of CH among children in Isfahan province. Material and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the aetiology of CH and the volume of the thyroid was assessed using neck ultrasonography. The results of thyroid function screening tests were additionally recorded. The correlation between ultrasonographic findings and the level of TSH and as well as T4 was determined. Results: During this study 385 CH patients aged 0-3 years were studied. According to ultrasonographic findings, in 19.9% of patients the aetiology of CH was dysgenesis (agenesis, ectopy, and hemiagenesis) and 80.1% had normal thyroid. Mean thyroid gland volume in all studied patients was 0.78 &#177; 0.44 mL. The prevalence of ultrasonographic findings was as follows: normal 80.1%, agenesis 12.7%, hemiagenesis 5.8%, and ectopy 1.4%. There was a significant correlation between thyroid volume and TSH and T4 and as well as between TSH and ultrasonographic findings (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In spite of the limitations of ultrasonography in the field of determining the aetiology of CH, it is an appropriate imaging tool for determining the volume of the thyroid gland in children. Considering that the rate of goitrous gland was low, it seems that iodine deficiency could not be responsible for the high rate of CH in this region. (Pol J Endocrinol 2010; 61 (6): 665-670)Wstęp: Z uwagi na częste występowanie w Isfahanie wrodzonej niedoczynności tarczycy (CH, congenital hypothyroidism) należy wyjaśnić przyczyny powstania tego zaburzenia i sprzyjające jego rozwojowi czynniki. Celem badania było ustalenie etiologii CH u dzieci zamieszkałych w prowincji Isfahan. Materiał i metody: W tym przekrojowym badaniu przeprowadzono badanie ultrasonograficzne szyi w celu oceny wielkości tarczycy i ustalenia etiologii niedoczynności tego narządu. W ramach programu badań przesiewowych wykonano testy oceniające czynność tarczycy. Zbadano korelacje między wynikami badań ultrasonograficznych a stężeniami TSH i T4. Wyniki: Do badania włączono 385 dzieci z CH w wieku 0-3 lat. Badania obrazowe wykazały, że u 19,9% chorych przyczyną CH były zaburzenia rozwoju tarczycy (agenezja, ektopia i hemiagenezja). Średnia objętość gruczołu tarczowego w badanej grupie wynosiła 0,78 &#177; 0,44 ml. Uzyskano następujące wyniki badań ultrasonograficznych: obraz prawidłowy u 80,1% dzieci, agenezja - 12,7%, hemiagenezja - 5,8%, ektopia - 1,4%. Stwierdzono istotną korelację między wielkością tarczycy a stężeniem TSH i T4 oraz między stężeniem TSH a wynikami badań ultrasonograficznych (p < 0,05). Wnioski: Mimo ograniczeń ultrasonografii, jako metody określania etiologii CH, ten rodzaj badań obrazowych jest przydatny do oceny wielkości tarczycy u dzieci. Biorąc pod uwagę rzadkie występowanie wola u dzieci z CH, można przypuszczać, że niedobór jodu nie jest przyczyną wysokiej zachorowalności na tę chorobę w prowincji Isfahan. (Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61 (6): 665-670

Pamidronate therapy for hypercalcemia and congenital mesoblastic nephroma: a case report

Hypercalcemia can causes life threatening complications. We report an infant with severe hypercalcemia due to congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Hypercalcemia was corrected before nephrectomy by pamidronate. According to our knowledge this is a rare case with severe neoplasm induced hypercalcemia among neonates who treated by bisphosphonates. The aim of this report is to define new approach to neoplasm induced neonatal hypercalcemia

Mutations of Dual Oxidase 2 (DUOX2) Gene among patients with Permanent and Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism

Objective: The prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is high in Isfahan, Iran. In addition, it has different etiologies compared with other countries. The rate of parental consanguinity is also high in the city. Moreover, DUOX2 gene is effective in transient CH and permanent CH due to dyshormonogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the mutations of DUOX2 gene in patients with transient CH and permanent CH due to dyshormonogenesis. Methodology: In this descriptive, prospective study, patients diagnosed with transient and permanent CH due to dyshormonogenesis during CH screening program were selected. Venous blood samples were obtained to determine the 3 mutations (Q36H, R376W, and D506N) of DUOX2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method by specific primers and complementary methods such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and singlestrand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Results: In this study, 25 patients with transient CH and 33 subjects with permanent CH due to dyshormonogenesis were studied. In addition, 30 children were studied as the control group. We did not find any mutations of the 3 mentioned mutations of DUOX2 gene. Conclusion: Considering the findings of the current study, further studies with other methods are required to evaluate other gene mutations such as pendrin, sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroglobuli

Demographic and Clinical Findings in Pediatric Patients Affected by Organic Acidemia

How to Cite This Article: Najafi R, Hashemipour M, Mostofizadeh N, Ghazavi MR, Nasiri J, Shahsanai A, Famori F, Najafi F, Moafi M. Demographic and Clinical Findings in Pediatric Patients Affected by Organic Acidemia. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2016; 10(2): 74-81.AbstractObjectiveMetabolic disorders, which involve many different organs, can be ascribed to enzyme deficiency or dysfunction and manifest with a wide range of clinical symptoms. This study evaluated some of the demographic and clinical findings in pediatric patients affected by organic acidemia.Materials &amp; MethodsThis cross-sectional study was part of a larger study conducted in patients with metabolic disorders during a period of 7 years from 2007 to 2014 in Isfahan Province, Iran. Our study covered a wide range of cases from newborn infants (one-week old) to adolescents (children up to the age of 17 years). This study evaluated patients’ demographic information, history of disease, developmental and educational status, clinical and general conditions. Phone and in-person interviews were used to gather information.ResultsOut of 5100 patients screened in this study, 392 patients were affected by one of the different metabolic disorders and 167 individuals were diagnosed as organic acidemia. Propionic acidemia/methyl malonic acidemia (PA/MMA) was the most prevalent form of this metabolic disorder. The frequency of consanguinity was 84.7% in the group of patients. The mortality rate was 18.8% in patients with organic academia.ConclusionEach of the metabolic diseases, as a separate entity, is rare; nevertheless, in aggregate they have a somewhat high overall prevalence. These diseases result in mental and developmental disorders in the absence of quick diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Furthermore, more mutations should be identified in societies affected by consanguinity. Further research should also be conducted to determine worthwhile and more-efficient screening methods as well as longterm neurological prognosis. References:Champion MP.An approach to the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disease. Arch Dis Child EducPract Ed 2010; 95:40.D.L. Marsden,Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Classification and Biochemical AspectsEncyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Third Edition), 2013, Pages 1-10Huang X, Yang L Dr, Tong F Dr, Yang R Dr, Zhao Z Prof. Screening for inborn errors of metabolism in high-risk children: a 3-year pilot study in Zhejiang Province, China. BMC Pediatr. Feb 24 2012;12(1):18Waisbren SE. Expanded newborn screening: information and resources for the family physician. Am Fam Physician. Apr 1 2008;77(7):987-94.Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Genson HB, Stanton BF .,An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism, : Nelson textbook of pediatric19th ed, Philadelphia:Saunders;2011, Chapter 78 ;309-16.Ayelet Erez, Oleg A. Shchelochkov, Sharon E. Plon, Fernando Scaglia, and Brendan Lee The American Journal of Human Genetics April 8, 2011,88; 402–421Disorders of energy metabolism1-Nyhan WL, Ozand PT. Atlas of Metabolic Diseases, 1st ed, Chapman and Hall Medical, London 1998.Fowler B. Genetic defects of folate and cobalamin metabolism. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157 Suppl 2:S60.Hoffmann GF, Zschocke J. Glutaric aciduria type I: from clinical, biochemical and molecular diversity to successful therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999; 22:381.Hoffmann GF, Gibson KM, Trefz FK, et al. Neurological manifestations of organic acid disorders. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153:S94.Wappner RS. Biochemical diagnosis of genetic diseases. Pediatr Ann 1993; 22:282.Weiner DL. Metabolic emergencies. In: Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine, 5th ed, Fleisher GR, Ludwig S, Henretig FM (Eds), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1193.Lindor NM, Karnes PS. Initial assessment of infants and children with suspected inborn errors of metabolism. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70:987.Kamboj M. Clinical approach to the diagnoses of inborn errors of metabolism. Pediatr Clin North Am 2008; 55:1113.J. Golbahar, E.A. Al-Jishi, D.D. Altayab, E. Carreon, M. Bakhiet, H. Alkhayyat .Selective newborn screening of inborn error of amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids metabolism in the Kingdom of Bahrain ;Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, Volume 110, Issues 1–2, September–October 2013, Pages 98-101.Carlo Dionisi-Vici , Cristiano Rizzo, Alberto B. Burlina, , Ubaldo Caruso, Gaetano Sabetta , Graziella Uziel, Damiano Abeni, ,Inborn errors of metabolism in the Italian pediatric population: A national retrospective survey , the Italian Metabolic Network Contributing Investigators:J Pediatr 2002;140:321-7.Moacir Wajner a,b , Daniella de Moura Coelho a, Rafaela Ingrassia a, Anderson Büker de Oliveira a, Estela Natacha Brandt Busanello a, Kimiyo Raymond c, etal :Selective screening for organic acidemias by urine organic acid GC–MS analysis in Brazil: Fifteen-year experience:Clinica Chimica Acta 400 (2009) 77–81.It-Koon Tan, FRCPath, Bani Gajra, Maria SF Lim, Study of Inherited Metabolic Disorders in Singapore – 13 Years Experience :Ann Acad Med Singapore 2006;35:804-13.Moammar H, Cheriyan G, Mathew R, Al-Sannaa N. Incidence and patterns of inborn errors of metabolism in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, 1983-2008. Ann Saudi Med. 2010; 30:271-7.Nagaraja D, Mamatha SN, De T, Christopher R. Screening for inborn errors of metabolism using automated electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: study in high-risk Indian population. Clinical biochemistry. 2010; 43(6):581-8.Hendriekje Eggink, Anouk Kuiper, Kathryn J Peall, Maria Fiorella Contarino, Annet M Bosch, Bart Post, Deborah A Siva, Marina AJ Tijssen and Tom J de Koning :Rare inborn errors of metabolism with movement disorders: a case study to evaluate the impact upon quality of life and adaptive functioning Eggink et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2014, 9:177.Han LS, Qiu J, Ye WJ, Gao XL, Wang Y, Gu XF: Selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism on clinical patients using tandem mass spectrometry in China: a four-year report. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007, 30:507-514.Xinwen Huang, Lili Yang, Fan Tong, Rulai Yang and Zhengyan Zhao: Screening for inborn errors of metabolism in high-risk children: a 3-year pilot study in Zhejiang Province, China:Huang et al. BMC Pediatrics 2012, 12:18.Tarun Choudhuri and Sivajee Sengupta .Inborn Error of Metabolism –An Indian Perspective،Int J Hum Genet, 6(1): 89-91 (2006).Elsobky E, Elsayed SM. Extended metabolic screen in sick neonates and children. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2004; 5: 1-7.Satwani H, Raza J, Hanai J, Nomachi S. Prevalence of selected disorders of inborn errors of metabolism in suspected cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi. JPMA. 2009; 59:815-9.Narges Pishva, Alie Mirzaee, Zohre Karamizade, Shahnaz Pourarian, Fariba Hemmati, Mostajab Razvi, Forough Saki.Selective Screening of High-risk Iranian Patients for the Detection of Inborn Error of Metabolism 14 Iranian Journal of Neonatology 2014; 5(4).A. García-Cazorla, N.I. Wolf, M. Serrano, U. Moog, B. Pérez-Dueñas, P. Póo, M. Pineda, J. Campistol, G.F. Hoffmann, Mental retardation and inborn errors of metabolism, J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 32 (2009) 597–608.Sitke A, Ulrich D, Peter H, Johannes K, Manfred S, Hartmut S. NMR-Based Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Initial Results from a Study on Turkish Neonate. JIMD Reports DOI 10.1007/8904_2014_326.Waleed H A, Magdy HB, Mohammed SM, Ibrahim H. Risk factors and birth prevalence of birth defects and inborn errors of metabolism in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Pan Afr Med J 2011; 8:14.Karimzadeh P, Jafari N, Jabbehdari S, Taghdiri MM, Nemati H, Saket S, Alaee MR, Ghofrani M, Tonakebni SH. Methylmalonic Acidemia: Diagnosis and Neuroimaging Findings of This Neurometabolic Disorder (An Iranian Pediatric Case Series). Iran J Child Neurol 2013 7(3): 63- 66. Ibarra GI, Fernández LC, Reyes GD, Belmont M L, Guillén LS, Monroy SS et al. Inborn Errors of Intermediary Metabolism in Critically Ill Mexican Newborns. J Inborn Errors Metabol Screening 2014:1–7.Hanna AO. Patterns of inborn errors of metabolism: A 12-year single-center hospital-based study in Libya. Qatar Med J 2013 (2):57-65.Tu W, He J, Dai F, Wang X, Li Y. Impact of inborn errors of metabolism on admission in a neonatal intensive care unit--a prospective cohort study. Indian J Pediatr 2012 Apr;79(4):494-500

Association between Serum Ferritin and Goitre in Iranian School Children

Despite long-standing supplementation of iodine in Iran, the prevalence of goitre among general people remains high in some regions. The study investigated the role of iron status in the aetiology of goitre in school children in Isfahan, Iran. Two thousand three hundred and thirty-one school children were selected by multi-stage random sampling. Thyroid size was estimated by inspection and palpation. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and serum ferritin (SF) were measured. Overall, 32.9% of the children had goitre. The median UIC was 195.5 \u3bcg/L. The mean\ub1SD of SF in the goitrous and non-goitrous children was 47.65\ub142.51 and 44.55\ub137.07 \u3bcg/L respectively (p=0.52). The prevalence of iron deficiency in goitrous and non-goitrous children was 9.6% and 3.1% respectively (p=0.007). Goitre is still prevalent in school children of Isfahan. However, their median UIC was well in the accepted range. Iron deficiency is associated with goitre in a small group of goitrous children. The role of goitrogens should also be investigated in this region