William Henry Ruffner

Virginia was most fortunate in having as her first Superintendent of Public Instruction, and later, as President of her first Teacher-Training institution, a man who under­ stood the .American ideals of democracy and whose faith in education and its ennobling effect on humanity never wavered. It has been said that he lit the torch of educa- tion in Virginia , and gave local habitation and a name to the great plans of Jefferson. He has been called also, the founder and father of Virginia\u27s public school system , the Horace Mann of Virginia , the interpreter and fulfiller of Jefferson\u27s dream , and the apostle of education to the masses. In educational literature other high tributes have been paid to William Henry Ruffner\u27s outstanding achievements as an educational statesman. His life and his plans for developing a finer type of citizen through a system of free public schools commanded the interest of the writer. She decided to make a survey of the published accounts of Dr. Ruffner\u27s efforts in behalf of public education, to study the eleven Annual Reports made while he was State Superintendent of Public Instruction, to examine the minutes of the Farmville Normal School for the years during his presidency of that institution, and to assemble in one report the results of her study. In this thesis attention is directed to those qualities that are responsible for the place that Dr.Ruffner holds as an educator and as an American citizen. Students of education in the South have long been aware of his monumental work. It was his ambition to extend educational opportunities to all the people of the state, and its realization became a consuming passion that extended throughout his life. My own faith in education has been revitalized by this study . Enemies that civilization has to face have grown more numerous and more powerful, and in order to preserve our heritage, we must demonstrate our loyalties to the principles of democratic education, even to the extent that we are willing life itself to give, rather than lose the things for which we live

Raman microscopy of some thin films produced by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition

Thin films of a variety of oxides, sulfides and oxysulfides has been produced by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD). These were all characterised by Raman microscopy. The APCVD reaction of oxovanadium(V) chloride and hydrogen sulfide was studied between 300 - 600 C, with films deposited at 400 - 600 C. EDX results indicate that V2O4S was produced at 400 - 450 C, V2O3S2 at 500 C, V2O2S3 at 550 C and V2O4S at 600 C. This reaction has not been reported previously. Various analytical techniques including Raman microscopy were used to identify the composition of the films deposited in this study. No Raman spectra have been reported for vanadium oxysulfides previously, therefore the Raman results constitute new information about this class of compounds. Vanadium sulfide films were produced by the APCVD reaction of vanadium tetrachloride and hydrogen sulfide. Reactions were performed at temperatures between 300 - 600 C. Films of the following compounds were produced; VS2 at 300 and 350 C, V2S3 at 400, 450 and 500 C, V3S4 at 550 C and VS at 600 C. The films were characterised by EDX, electron microprobe, XPS, XRD, and Raman microscopy. Films were grown from the APCVD reactions of titanium tetrachloride and hydrogen sulfide at 400, 500 and 600 C. The film deposited at 400 C was found to consist of TiS2; films produced at higher temperatures all showed the presence of both TiS2 and TiO2 in the form of anatase. None of the coatings contained TiS3. The coatings were analysed by EDX, XRD and Raman microscopy. No Raman spectra of TiS2 films are known to have been reported previously. In addition a selection of other films was characterised by Raman microscopy including; vanadium oxides, chromium oxide, titanium dioxide and tin/vanadium sulfides and oxysulfides. These results are all presented in this thesis

La asociación entre los índices operacionales y la tasa de ocupación de un centro quirúrgico general

This is a prospective study that focused on the dynamics of operating rooms using operational indexes that measure optimization, resistance, overload and utilization of the surgical unit, and also identified the factors most associated with these indexes. A total of 1,908 surgeries were analyzed over a period of two months in 2007. The average rates of utilization, optimization and resistance indexes were 80.41%, 65.35% and 34.65% respectively. The difference between the positive and negative overload index was low (5.42%). Operating room rescheduling and delays were the variables that contributed the most to the increase in these indexes. In the linear regression statistical model, the utilization rate was found to be the first common variable selected in the overload, resistance and optimization indexes. It is essential to work on these operational indexes with a view to obtain satisfactory results in the management of the surgical center, with well-defined work processes and teamwork.Se trata de un estudio prospectivo que analizó la dinámica de las salas quirúrgicas a través de índices operacionales que miden la optimización, resistencia, sobrecarga y ocupación del centro quirúrgico, y también identificó los factores que más se asociaron a esos índices. Fueron analizadas 1.908 cirugías, durante dos meses en el año de .2007. La tasa de ocupación y los índices de optimización y resistencia promedios encontrados fueron 80,41, 65,35 y 34,65%, respectivamente. La diferencia entre el índice de sobrecarga positivo y negativo fue bajo (5,42%). El cambio de sala y el atraso, respectivamente, fueron las variables que más contribuyeron para la elevación de esos índices. En la prueba estadística de regresión linear se observó que la tasa de ocupación fue la primera variable común seleccionada tanto en los índices de sobrecarga, resistencia y optimización. Es fundamental la actuación sobre eses índices operacionales para obtener resultados satisfactorios en la administración del centro quirúrgico, con procesos bien definidos y trabajo en equipo.Estudo prospectivo que analisou a dinâmica das salas cirúrgicas através de índices operacionais que medem a otimização, resistência, sobrecarga e ocupação do centro cirúrgico, e também identificou os fatores que mais se associaram a esses índices. Foram analisadas 1908 cirurgias, durante dois meses de 2007. A taxa de ocupação e os índices de otimização e resistência médios encontrados foram 80,41, 65,35 e 34,65%, respectivamente. A diferença entre o índice de sobrecarga positivo e negativo foi baixo (5,42%). O remanejamento de sala e o atraso, respectivamente, foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram para a elevação desses índices. No teste estatístico de regressão linear observou-se que a taxa de ocupação foi a primeira variável comum selecionada tanto nos índices de sobrecarga, resistência como otimização. É fundamental a atuação sobre esses índices operacionais para se obter resultados satisfatórios no gerenciamento do centro cirúrgico, com processos bem definidos e trabalho em equipe

La asociación entre los índices operacionales y la tasa de ocupación de un centro quirúrgico general

This is a prospective study that focused on the dynamics of operating rooms using operational indexes that measure optimization, resistance, overload and utilization of the surgical unit, and also identified the factors most associated with these indexes. A total of 1,908 surgeries were analyzed over a period of two months in 2007. The average rates of utilization, optimization and resistance indexes were 80.41%, 65.35% and 34.65% respectively. The difference between the positive and negative overload index was low (5.42%). Operating room rescheduling and delays were the variables that contributed the most to the increase in these indexes. In the linear regression statistical model, the utilization rate was found to be the first common variable selected in the overload, resistance and optimization indexes. It is essential to work on these operational indexes with a view to obtain satisfactory results in the management of the surgical center, with well-defined work processes and teamwork.Estudo prospectivo que analisou a dinâmica das salas cirúrgicas através de índices operacionais que medem a otimização, resistência, sobrecarga e ocupação do centro cirúrgico, e também identificou os fatores que mais se associaram a esses índices. Foram analisadas 1908 cirurgias, durante dois meses de 2007. A taxa de ocupação e os índices de otimização e resistência médios encontrados foram 80,41, 65,35 e 34,65%, respectivamente. A diferença entre o índice de sobrecarga positivo e negativo foi baixo (5,42%). O remanejamento de sala e o atraso, respectivamente, foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram para a elevação desses índices. No teste estatístico de regressão linear observou-se que a taxa de ocupação foi a primeira variável comum selecionada tanto nos índices de sobrecarga, resistência como otimização. É fundamental a atuação sobre esses índices operacionais para se obter resultados satisfatórios no gerenciamento do centro cirúrgico, com processos bem definidos e trabalho em equipe.Se trata de un estudio prospectivo que analizó la dinámica de las salas quirúrgicas a través de índices operacionales que miden la optimización, resistencia, sobrecarga y ocupación del centro quirúrgico, y también identificó los factores que más se asociaron a esos índices. Fueron analizadas 1.908 cirugías, durante dos meses en el año de .2007. La tasa de ocupación y los índices de optimización y resistencia promedios encontrados fueron 80,41, 65,35 y 34,65%, respectivamente. La diferencia entre el índice de sobrecarga positivo y negativo fue bajo (5,42%). El cambio de sala y el atraso, respectivamente, fueron las variables que más contribuyeron para la elevación de esos índices. En la prueba estadística de regresión linear se observó que la tasa de ocupación fue la primera variable común seleccionada tanto en los índices de sobrecarga, resistencia y optimización. Es fundamental la actuación sobre eses índices operacionales para obtener resultados satisfactorios en la administración del centro quirúrgico, con procesos bien definidos y trabajo en equipo.52953

The discussion on induced abortion in the Brazilian Congress: the role of the women's movement

Induced abortion has been discussed in Brazil for many years without producing changes in the Penal Code in force since 1940 and according to which it is illegal and a crime against life. There are only two circumstances in which induced abortion is allowed: when there is no other recourse for saving the pregnant woman' life, and when the pregnancy resulted from rape and the abortion is preceded by the woman's informed consent. The purpose of this article is to show how the abortion problem has been dealt with under executive and legislative policies, focusing especially on discussion in Congress considering the role of organized women's groups. The study focuses on the legislative debate on induced abortion and how it was preceded, accompanied, and followed by actions by the women's groups. Other political and social actors involved in the debate, such as the Catholic Church, sectors of the medical community, and protestant religions are mentioned.El aborto provocado es un tema que ha sido muy discutido en Brasil desde hace mucho años, sin que se haya conseguido cambiar el texto del Código Penal vigente desde 1940. El Código considera que el aborto es ilegal y un crimen contra la vida. Solamente es permitido em dos casos: si no hay otra forma de salvar la vida de la embarazada o si el embarazo resulta de una violación y el aborto es precedido por el consentimiento de la embarazada. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar como se ha enfrentado el problema del aborto a nível de políticas gubernamentales y legislativas, especificamente la discusión en el Congreso Nacional considerando la actuación del movimiento de mujeres. En este ensayo es enfocado el debate sobre el aborto provocado en el poder legislativo y como éste fue precedido, acompañado y seguido por acciones del movimiento organizado de mujeres. Otros actores políticos y sociales involucrados en el debate, tal como la Iglesia Católica, sectores de la categoria médica y las religiones evangélicas, son mencionadas.25926

Factors associated with complications following induced abortion

Illegal induced abortion exposes women to risks and complications. These decrease when the abortion is carried out safely. Complications resulting from unsafe abortions can cause death or may effect future pregnancies, increasing ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, for example. The purpose of this paper is to present Brazilian data on the association between complications caused by illegal induced abortions and the conditions in which they are performed. The study was done in 1990 in a Brazilian university. Data was obtained through a questionnaire distributed to all the female employees and graduate students. Forty-two percent of the students and 27% of the employees responded; 82 students and 264 employees had had at least one illegal abortion; 15 and 50, respectively, had suffered health problems (complications) after the last one. The women whose abortions had been done by physicians, in a clinic or hospital, and using modern techniques presented fewer complications. Younger women were not significantly different from the others when frequency of complications was studied. However, this group was composed mainly of students with a higher level of education and more economic resources.O aborto provocado expõe a mulher a riscos e complicações. Estes diminuem quando o aborto é feito em boas condições. As complicações resultantes de abortos mal feitos podem levar à morte ou afetar as gestações futuras, aumentando, por exemplo, a gravidez ectópica e o abortamento espontâneo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar dados brasileiros sobre a relação entre complicações do aborto provocado e as condições de sua prática. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 1990 em uma universidade brasileira. Os dados foram obtidos através de um questionário distribuído a todas as funcionárias e alunas da graduação. Foram respondidos 42% dos questionários das alunas e 27% dos das funcionárias; 82 alunas e 264 funcionárias tinham feito pelo menos um aborto provocado; 15 e 50, respectivamente, tiveram problemas de saúde (complicações) após o último aborto. As mulheres que tiveram o aborto realizado por médico, em clínica ou hospital, e praticado por métodos mais modernos apresentaram menos complicações. As mulheres mais jovens não foram significativamente diferentes das outras com relação à freqüência das complicações. Entretanto, esse grupo esteve representado principalmente por alunas com maior nível de educação e, geralmente, mais recursos econômicos.45445

Severe maternal morbidity (near miss) as a sentinel event of maternal death. An attempt to use routine data for surveillance

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To identify all the records within the Brazilian Hospital Information System (HIS) that contained information suggestive of severe maternal morbidity (near miss); to describe the diagnoses and procedures used; to identify variables associated with maternal death.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A descriptive population study with data from the HIS and Mortality Information System (MIS) files of records of women during pregnancy, delivery and in the postpartum period in all the capital cities of the Brazilian states in 2002. Initially, records of women between 10 and 49 years of age were selected; next, those records with at least one criterion suggestive of near miss were selected. For the linkage of HIS with MIS and HIS with itself, a blocking strategy consisting of three independent steps was established. In the data analysis, near miss ratios were calculated with corresponding 95% confidence interval and the diagnoses and procedures were described; a multiple logistic regression model was adjusted. Primary and secondary diagnoses and the requested and performed procedures during hospitalization were the main outcome measures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall maternal near miss ratio was 44.3/1,000 live births. Among the records indicating near miss, 154 maternal deaths were identified. The criteria of severity most frequently found were infection, preeclampsia and hemorrhage. Logistic regression analysis resulted in 12 variables, including four significant interactions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although some limitations, the perspective of routinely using this information system for surveillance of near miss and implementing measures to avoid maternal death is promising.</p

Aborto entre alunas e funcionárias de uma universidade brasileira

In Brazil, the subject of induced abortion is controversial and considered by some to be a serious public health problem. On the other hand there are little data available as to its frequency and general characteristics. The difficulty encountered in obtaining reliable information is to be explained by the illegality of abortion that inhibits women from talking about their experience, and most studies are carried out in hospitals and thus succeed in identifying only those women who have complications. A study was carried out in 1990, involving all the female graduate students and employees of a Brazilian university. Data was obtained through a questionnaire that was returned by mail, anonymously. This paper presents some of the results relating to the frequency of miscarriage and abortion in this population. Significantly more students than employees were less than 25 years old (85% and 13.7% respectively); fewer students were married or in a common-law union (11 % of students as against 56% of employees) and four times fewer students than employees had never been pregnant (15% and 65%). Nine percent of the students and 14% of the employees had had at least one abortion. When only sometime pregnant women were taken into consideration, over half the students (59%) and 20% of the employees had had an abortion. Differences between the two groups were maintened when considered by age, both for miscarriage and abortion. Students of less than 25 years of age presented the highest percentage of abortion.No Brasil existem poucas informações sobre o aborto provocado e suas características na população. A dificuldade em se obter dados confiáveis deve-se: à sua ilegalidade, e também ao fato de que a maioria dos estudos é realizada em hospitais. Assim, em 1990, foi realizada pesquisa entre alunas da graduação e funcionárias de uma universidade brasileira. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário, auto-respondido, para devolução por correio, anonimamente. Os resultados apresentados referem-se à freqüência do aborto provocado nesta população. Encontrou-se que quatro vezes menos alunas do que funcionárias tinham engravidado alguma vez (15% e 65%); 9% das alunas e 14% das funcionárias tiveram aborto provocado. Entre as mulheres que engravidaram alguma vez, as alunas tiveram mais aborto provocado do que as funcionárias (59% e 20%). Quando controladas por grupo etário as diferenças entre as alunas e funcionárias mantiveram-se. Entretanto, entre as alunas, o aborto provocado foi mais freqüente entre as mais jovens

Abortion among female students and employees of a brazilian university

In Brazil, the subject of induced abortion is controversial and considered by some to be a serious public health problem. On the other hand there are little data available as to its frequency and general characteristics. The difficulty encountered in obtaining reliable information is to be explained by the illegality of abortion that inhibits women from talking about their experience, and most studies are carried out in hospitals and thus succeed in identifying only those women who have complications. A study was carried out in 1990, involving all the female graduate students and employees of a Brazilian university. Data was obtained through a questionnaire that was returned by mail, anonymously. This paper presents some of the results relating to the frequency of miscarriage and abortion in this population. Significantly more students than employees were less than 25 years old (85% and 13.7% respectively); fewer students were married or in a common-law union (11 % of students as against 56% of employees) and four times fewer students than employees had never been pregnant (15% and 65%). Nine percent of the students and 14% of the employees had had at least one abortion. When only sometime pregnant women were taken into consideration, over half the students (59%) and 20% of the employees had had an abortion. Differences between the two groups were maintened when considered by age, both for miscarriage and abortion. Students of less than 25 years of age presented the highest percentage of abortion.No Brasil existem poucas informações sobre o aborto provocado e suas características na população. A dificuldade em se obter dados confiáveis deve-se: à sua ilegalidade, e também ao fato de que a maioria dos estudos é realizada em hospitais. Assim, em 1990, foi realizada pesquisa entre alunas da graduação e funcionárias de uma universidade brasileira. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário, auto-respondido, para devolução por correio, anonimamente. Os resultados apresentados referem-se à freqüência do aborto provocado nesta população. Encontrou-se que quatro vezes menos alunas do que funcionárias tinham engravidado alguma vez (15% e 65%); 9% das alunas e 14% das funcionárias tiveram aborto provocado. Entre as mulheres que engravidaram alguma vez, as alunas tiveram mais aborto provocado do que as funcionárias (59% e 20%). Quando controladas por grupo etário as diferenças entre as alunas e funcionárias mantiveram-se. Entretanto, entre as alunas, o aborto provocado foi mais freqüente entre as mais jovens.11311