Structural behavior of mortarless interlocking load bearing hollow block wall panel under out-of-plane loading.

Experimental and numerical investigation of interlocking mortarless wall panels with 1.0 m height, 1.2 m width and 150 mm thickness are conducted. Behaviour of both hollow and partially grouted masonry wall panels is studied. The panels were tested under constant pre-compressive vertical load and out-of-plane lateral load. Lateral load carrying capacity, deflection at mid height, dry joint opening between block layers and mode of failure are investigated. Strain characteristics throughout the loading process are also monitored. A finite element analysis is presented for the system and a good agreement between the experimental and modelling results is achieved. Parametric study using the finite element model is also presented and the effect of different parameters; amount of pre-compressive load and slenderness ratio is studied. The study reveals that pre-compressive vertical load and reinforcement significantly affect the structural behaviour of mortarless walls under out-of-plane loading. Useful expressions for the capacity are obtained from the analysis

Environmental Risk Assessment for the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Mycophenolic Acid in European Surface Waters

Contains fulltext : 208622.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides enhance food intake in energy-deprived rats

In the literature, conflicting data on the effect of NPY Y1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on food intake have been reported, describing either an increase or a decrease in feeding in antisense-treated animals. In the present studies antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the Y1 receptor (Y1 antisense ODNs) were used to re-investigate the functional importance of this receptor subtype in vivo in the regulation of feeding in rats. We used phosphothioate-terminal protected derivatives of two ODN sequences used in previous reports. In addition, as one of these sequences was not tested in vitro, we demonstrated its efficacy in LMTK-cells transfected with the Y1 receptor subtype. In vivo, repeated intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of Y1 antisense ODNs did not affect basal food intake or the increase in food intake after i.c.v. injection of neuropeptide Y (NPY, 300 pmol). Y1 antisense ODNs given intracerebroventricularly enhanced food intake in energy-deprived rats (+175% and +60% vs. control scrambled and sense sequences, respectively after 2 h of refeeding). Analysis of the structure of feeding behaviour revealed that Y1 antisense ODNs enhanced fasting-induced food intake during the first hour of refeeding by inducing increases in meal size (+143% and +155% vs. sense and scrambled ODNs) but not meal duration. These data suggest that the NPY Y1 receptor is not directly implicated in feeding in the rat when calorie intake is normal but might be specifically activated during energy deprivation