Predictors of physical restraint in a psychiatric emergency setting

Background: Considering the negative consequences of using physical restraints, we conducted this study to identify patients who are more frequently restrained in a psychiatric emergency ward as an initial step to limit the use of restraint to the minimum possible. Methods: This was a retrospective case control study conducted in Iran Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran. We reviewed the files of 607 patients who were admitted during a one year period using convenience sampling; of them, 186 were in the restrained group and 421 in the unrestrained group. Results: Surprisingly, no significant difference was found between the restrained and unrestrained groups in demographic characteristics. The patients who were referred because of violence were diagnosed as having methamphetamine induced psychotic disorder or bipolar I disorder in manic 1episode and had a higher odds of being restrained (OR=2.51, OR=1.61, and OR=1.57 respectively). Being restrained was also associated with a longer duration of hospitalization and duration of staying in the emergency ward. Moreover, patients in their first admission were more frequently restrained. Conclusion: Medical and nursing staff should consider special measures for the patients who are at a higher risk for being restrained. More frequent visits and education for both patients and staff may be effective in reducing the number of physical restraints for these groups of patients

High prevalence of an alpha variant lineage with a premature stop codon in ORF7a in Iraq, winter 2020–2021

Publisher Copyright: Copyright: © 2022 Al-Rashedi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Since the first reported case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China, SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading worldwide. Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has had a critical role in tracking the emergence, introduction, and spread of new variants, which may affect transmissibility, pathogenicity, and escape from infection or vaccine-induced immunity. As anticipated, the rapid increase in COVID-19 infections in Iraq in February 2021 is due to the introduction of variants of concern during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. To understand the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 during the second wave in Iraq (2021), we sequenced 76 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes using NGS technology and identified genomic mutations and proportions of circulating variants among these. Also, we performed an in silico study to predict the effect of the truncation of NS7a protein (ORF7a) on its function. We detected nine different lineages of SARS-CoV-2. The B.1.1.7 lineage was predominant (80.20%) from February to May 2021, while only one B.1.351 strain was detected. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis showed that multiple strains of the B.1.1.7 lineage clustered closely with those from European countries. A notable frequency (43.33%) of stop codon mutation (NS7a Q62stop) was detected among the B.1.1.7 lineage sequences. In silico analysis of NS7a with Q62stop found that this stop codon had no considerable effect on the function of NS7a. This work provides molecular epidemiological insights into the spread variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Iraq, which are most likely imported from Europe.Peer reviewe

Characterization of immune cell infiltrate in tumor stroma and epithelial compartments in oral squamous cell carcinomas of Sudanese patients

Background Tumor immune infiltrate has been explored in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but studies on simultaneous characterization of multiple immune cell subtypes separately in stromal and intraepithelial tumor compartments are limited. Objectives We aimed to investigate the immune cell infiltrate in OSCC by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for a panel of inflammatory cells in stromal and epithelial tumor compartments for a better characterization of the tumors. Methods Thirty-six OSCC lesions and nine normal oral mucosa (NOM) samples from patients attending Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital, Sudan were investigated for presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated neutrophils, and PD-L1 positive cells in the inflammatory infiltrate by single and double IHC. Digital quantitative analysis (Aperio Technologies Inc.) was performed separately for stromal and epithelial compartments. Results OSCC cases displayed a higher inflammatory infiltrate in the associated stroma, but not in the epithelial compartment when compared to NOM. The immunosuppressive type of inflammatory infiltrate, that is, T regulatory cells (FoxP3+ cells) was identified to be significantly higher in the epithelial compartment of tumors with advanced clinical state. An immunoscore developed by combining intraepithelial FoxP3+ and CD4+ cells was found significantly higher in lesions from elderly patients, localized at toombak dipping-related sites, poorly differentiated OSCCs, or with loco-regional lymph node spreading. Conclusions Despite heavy immune cell infiltration in tumor-associated stroma, the majority of OSCCs in this cohort displayed a low intraepithelial immune infiltration. An immunoscore based on combined CD4 and FoxP3 intraepithelial expression may serve as an indicator of advanced tumor progression and should be further investigated for its use as potential prognostic biomarker in OSCC.publishedVersio

Time verification of twilight begin and end at Matrouh of Egypt

Twilight observations were carried out in the period «1983–1985» in different seasons at different sites mainly to deduce the beginning and the end of twilight. One of these sites was Matrouh. These observations were gathered using a refractor (an alt-azimuth scanner) of 10 cm diameter associated with a photoelectric tube of the type (φ → Y − 51) using 3-filters namely; the blue, visual and red filters. The photoelectric system was calibrated with the international photoelectric color system. The phenomena were followed in steps each 10° in both altitude and azimuth. The depression of the sun below the horizon was calculated from the local time of each scan. The results indicated (at a = 5° and A = 10°) for the latitude of Matrouh that the end and the beginning of the twilight occurred when the depression of the sun (Do) was between 18° and 20°, while the dawn times were found to be between 14° and 16°. The brightness of the twilight phenomena was followed, however, to different altitudes and azimuths [0° ⩽ a° ⩽ 60° and 0° ⩽ A° ⩽ 60°]

Pengaruh pemberian Kayu Manis terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Haid Pada Remaja Putri: Systematic Literature review

ABSTRACT Menstruation is bleeding that occurs periodically and cyclically, accompanied by the release (desquamation) of the endometrium. Pain or tenderness and cramping that is felt during menstruation is also called dysmenorrhea. According to World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 more than 50% of women in every country experience menstrual pain. In Indonesia, the prevalence of dysmenorrhea is 64.25% consisting of 54.89% dysmenorrhea and 9.36% dysmenorrhea secondary. Women who experience dysmenorrhea are known can affect day-to-day productivity. One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can reduce menstrual pain is cinnamon (Cinnamomum). To determine the effect of giving cinnamon to reduce menstrual pain in adolescent girls. This study uses a systematic literature review. The design of this study aims to assist in observing and making a material to be used as a benchmark in analyzing the background as a subject in research, so that in the future the results of the research can be used as a new reference. The number of respondents was 14 articles in journals published from 2012-2021. The average age of adolescents who experience dysmenorrhea 10-18 years. The average duration of pain before being given the intervention was moderate to severe pain by 28.5% and after being given the intervention the pain level was reduced to mild pain by 43%. It is known that 100% of journal articles show that there is an effect of giving cinnamon on reducing menstrual pain in adolescents. Cinnamon has an effect on reducing menstrual pain because cinnamon contains the main compound that has an anti-inflammatory effect that can be used as a pain reliever. This is because the main substances contained in cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Keywords: Dysmenorrhea, Cinnamon, Menstrual Pain, Adolescents ABSTRAK Menstruasi adalah perdarahan yang terjadi secara periodik dan siklik, disertai dengan pelepasan (deskuamasi) endometrium. Rasa sakit atau nyeri dan kram yang dirasakan saat haid juga disebut dismenorea. Menurut Word Health Organization (WHO) tahun 2015 lebih dari 50% perempuan di setiap Negara mengalami nyeri haid. Di Indonesia, prevalensi kejadian dismenorea sebanyak 64,25% yang terdiri dari 54,89% dismenorea primer dan 9,36% dismenorea sekunder. Perempuan yang mengalami dismenorea diketahui dapat mempengaruhi produktivitas sehari-hari. Salah satu terapi nonfarmakologi yang dapat untuk mengurangi nyeri haid adalah kayu manis (Cinnamomum). Tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kayu manis terhadap penurunan nyeri haid pada remaja putri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic literature review. Desain dari penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membantu dalam mengamati dan menjadikan suatu bahan untuk dijadikan tolak ukur dalam menganalisa latar belakang sebagai subjek pada penelitian, agar kedepannya hasil dari penelitian dapat dijadikan sebagai referensi baru. Jumlah responden sebanyak 14 artikel dalam jurnal yang dipublikasi sejak tahun 2012-2021. Rata-rata usia remaja yang mengalami dismenorea 10-18 tahun. Rata-rata durasi nyeri sebelum diberikan intervensi adalah nyeri sedang hingga berat sebesar 28,5% dan setelah diberikan intervensi tingkat nyeri berkurang menjadi nyeri ringan sebesar 43%. Diketahui 100% artikel jurnal menunjukkan hasil terdapat pengaruh pemberian kayu manis terhadap penurunan nyeri haid pada remaja. Kayu manis berpengaruh untuk menurunkan nyeri haid karena kayu manis mengandung senyawa utama yang memiliki efek anti inflamasi yang dapat digunakan sebagai pereda nyeri. Hal ini dikarenakan terdapat zat utama yang terkandung dalam kayu manis yaitu cinnamaldehyde dan eugenol. Kata Kunci: Dismenorea, Kayu Manis, Nyeri Haid, Remaj

Naked eye observations for morning twilight at different sites in Egypt

Twilight observations were carried out in the period between 1984 and 1987 in different seasons at different sites of Egypt (Baharia, Matrouh, Kottamia and Aswan) through a cooperation project between Dar El-Iftaa’ and the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology. Naked eye observations of the first light of the dawn were done in parallel to the photoelectric measurements of the twilight phenomena. The depression of the sun below the horizon corresponding to the first light was calculated from the time of observations. Our estimates show that the normal eye can just discriminate the dawn (the first white light thread) at a depression of 14.7° with a maximum value of 15.08° and a minimum value of 12.01°. This result agrees with result obtained by our previous photoelectric measurements

Naked eye determination of the dawn for Sinai and Assiut of Egypt

Twilight observations were carried out by naked eye in the period (2010–2012) for north Sinai (Lat. 31°4′N, Long. 32°52′E) where the background is desert, and for Assiut (Lat. 27°10′N, Long. 31°10′E) in the period (2012–2014) where the background is agricultural land. The purpose of these observations is to calculate the depression of the sun below the horizon at which the normal eye can discriminate the dawn (morning white thread) for two sites. The results indicated that this discrimination takes place at vertical sun depression angles, Do = 14.61° and 13.665° at Sinai and Assiut respectively

Brightness and color variation for evening and morning twilights at Bahria of Egypt IV

Photoelectric observations of twilight (evening and morning) Bahria (φ = 28° 42.94′ N, λ = 28° 59.99′ E) in Egypt were done in the period between 1983 and 1985. A semiautomatic photoelectric scanner equipped with a refractor of diameter D = 10 cm and focal length f = 24 cm was used. The phenomena were followed in altitude and azimuth each 10°. For evening twilight, we find a minimum value in the color index (CI) curves at Do = 12.5°. The color index (CI) is found to be in the range between −1.5 and 3. A decrease on both sides of the CI toward large and small depressions is seen indicating a red background. This red color decreases on both sides of the maximum although being positive. No change of the maximum values is noticed with the azimuth. The (B–R) curves show positive maximum values at 11° ⩽ Do ⩽ 13° with a decrease on both sides. Color indices are studied for the three bands (B–V), (B–R) and (V–R) for morning and evening twilights. For morning twilight, the (B–V) color index curves show minimum (CI) values with positive (B–V) at Do around 8°. This can denote a dominating yellow color of the sky till Do ≈ 8–10°, where the sky is as bright in the yellow as in the blue. Stability is reached at Do = 12–14°. We believe that, the dawn shows itself at Do ⩽ 15°, while the nightfall shows itself at Do ⩽ 18°

Parametric Analysis of a Double Shaft, Batch-Type Paddle Mixer Using the Discrete Element Method (DEM)

To improve the understanding of the mixing performance of double shaft, batch-type paddle mixers, the discrete element method (DEM) in combination with a Plackett–Burman design of experiments simulation plan is used to identify factor significance on the system’s mixing performance. Effects of several factors, including three material properties (particle size, particle density and composition), three operational conditions (initial filling pattern, fill level and impeller rotational speed) and three geometric parameters (paddle size, paddle angle and paddle number), were quantitatively investigated using the relative standard deviation (RSD). Four key performance indicators (KPIs), namely the mixing quality, mixing time, average mixing power and energy required to reach a steady state, were defined to evaluate the performance of the double paddle mixer. The results show that the material property effects are not as significant as those of the operational conditions and geometric parameters. In particular, the geometric parameters were observed to significantly influence the energy consumption, while not affecting the mixing quality and mixing time, showing their potential towards designing more sustainable mixers. Furthermore, the analysis of granular temperature revealed that the centre area between the two paddles has a high diffusivity, which can be correlated to the mixing time