Cytotoxic properties and complete nuclear magnetic resonance assignment of isolated xanthones from the root of Garcinia cowa Roxb.

Objective: To isolate compounds from the roots of Garcinia cowa and to evaluated their cytotoxic activity against breast (MCF-7), prostate (DU-145), and lung (H-460) cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ground air-dried root was sequentially macerated with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol. The DCM soluble extract was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography, column chromatography, and radial chromatography over silica gel with hexane, EtOAc and methanol as eluent in progressively increasing polarity manner; to yield three compounds. Their structures were elucidated based on their spectroscopic data and their comparison with those of the literature. The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was carried out against human cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. The extract was added at various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/ml). The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the level of IC50 that was based on the percentage of the cell death following the 24 h incubation with the extract. Results: Phytochemical study on the roots of G. cowa yielded rubraxanthone (3), cowanine (4) and 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (5). Compound 4 with an IC50 value of 4.1 ± 1.0 μM, 5.4 ± 2.3 μM and 11.3 ± 10.0 μM against MCF-7, H-460, and DU-145, respectively while compound 3 was found to be in active. Conclusion: The results indicate that G. cowa roots could be important sources of natural cytotoxic compounds

AUTHENTICATION OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS FAT AND OTHER ANIMAL FATS USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze fatty acids using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with chemometric Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the authentication of Rattus norvegicus fat from other animal fats. Methods: Extraction of fat from raw meat of Rattus norvegicus, beef, chicken, pork, and dogs using the Bligh Dyer method, then derivatized with 0.2 N NaOCH3, precipitation of sodium glycerol was carried out by adding saturated NaCl to obtain methyl esters which were then injected into the GC-MS instrument. The GC-MS data were then processed using chemometric Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to group Rattus norvegicus fat with other animal fats (beef, chicken, pork, and dog). Results: The results of the study revealed that fatty acids in Rattus norvegicus using GC-MS produced eleven types of fatty acids, namely: Lauric acid (1,1%), Myristic acid (1,15%), Palmitic acid (21,12%), Palmitoleic acid (2,06%), Stearic acid (8,23%), Vaccenic acid (2,43%), Oleic acid (26,51%), Linoleic acid (19,19%), Arachidic acid (0,09%), and Eucosatrienoic acid (0,39%). Chemometrics Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Rattus norvegicus fat allows it to be classified with other animal fats. Conclusion: The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method, in combination with chemometric Principal Component Analysis (PCA), offered effective tools for the authentication of fatty acid of Rattus norvegicus

HR-LCMS-BASED METABOLITE PROFILING, AND ANTI-COLAGENASE PROPERTIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PIDADA MERAH: COMPUTATIONAL AND IN VITRO STUDY

Objective: Extract of pidada merah (Sonneratia caseolaris) leaves has very strong antioxidant activity and has potential as anti-aging. This study aimed to determine the anti-collagenase activity in silico and in vitro. Molecular docking includes exploring proteins or nucleotides, modeling 3D structures, and calculating bond energies. Collagenases are enzymes that can hydrolyze native collagen into fragment collagen peptides. Methods: Investigation of in silico docking activity for collagenase receptors (966C). We performed metabolomics analysis through HR-LCMS on the extract pidada merah. To explore the use value of anti-collagenase, we analyzed the molecular docking of metabolites profiling pidada merah. In vitro study used a collagenase assay kit. Results: Metabolite profiling on the HR-LCMS from Pidada Merah extract are A (AL_8810), B (NP_001596), C (NP_018716) and D (NP_021797). The anti-collagenase test showed the IC50 value = 26.74±0.40 ppm, which is the very strong category. NP_018716 has the lowest binding energy value with the target protein, which is -6.0, and binds to THR241 (2.24Å) and SER239 (3.35Å) and is the best compound according to calculations. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the Extract Pidada merah has the Potential to be developed as a new drug for antiaging

The use of instrumental technique and chemometrics for essential oil authentication: a review

The use of essential oils for diverse purposes shows the increasing demand worldwide. These conditions encouraged fraudulent practices to maximize profit and set competitive prices. This review describes the characterization of essential oils (EOs) and their extraction technique before analysis. The type of adulteration and the technique for authentication, including chromatographic, spectroscopic, and others, either alone or in combination with the chemometrics technique, are also profoundly explained. Many studies use a combination of targeted and non-targeted approaches. Combining these two approaches were considered to produce accurate and reliable results for the authentication of EOs. The most advanced method was for authentication of lavender oil, citrus oils (lemon, bergamot, neroli), rose oil, peppermint oil, wintergreen oil, patchouli oil, and citronella oils. However, many EOs traded, and no international standards to regulate them

High Performance Thin layer Chromatography: Densitometry Method for Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb

Abstract Context: Garcinia cowa is a medicinal plant widely grown in Southeast Asia and tropical countries. Various parts of this plant have been used in traditional folk medicine. The bark, latex, and root have been used as an antipyretic agent, while fruit and leaves have been used as an expectorant, for indigestion and improvement of blood circulation. Aims: This study aims to determine the concentration of rubraxanthone found in ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of G. cowa by the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Materials and Methods: HPTLC method was performed on precoated silica gel G 60 F254 plates using an HPTLC system with a developed mobile-phase system of chloroform: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (86:6:3:5). A volume of 5 μL of standard and sample solutions was applied to the chromatographic plates. The plates were developed in saturated mode of twin trough chamber at room temperature. The method was validated based on linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and specificity. The spots were observed at ultraviolet 243 nm. Results: The linearity of rubraxanthone was obtained between 52.5 and 157.5 ppm/spot. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 4.03 and 13.42 ppm/spot, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, and high sensitivity. Therefore, it may be applied for the quantification of rubraxanthone in ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of G. cowa. SUMMARY High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method provides rapid qualitative and quantitative estimation of rubraxanthone as a marker com¬pound in G. cowa extract used for commercial product Rubraxanthone found in ethyl acetate extracts of G. cowa was successfully quantified using HPTLC method. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is PR-9-230-g001.jpg Abbreviations Used: TLC: Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC: High-performance thin-layer chromatography, LOD: Limit of detection, LOQ: Limit of quantification, ICH: International Conference on Harmonization. Key words: Chromatography, densitometry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., high-performance thin-layer chromatography, rubraxanthone, validatio

DETERMINATION OF THE STABILITY OF CATECHIN FROM GAMBIR (UNCARIA GAMBIR (HUNTER) ROXB) THROUGH SOLUBILIZATION MECHANISM

Objective: This study aims to obtain the solubility of catechins in water through the solubilization mechanism and determine their stability. Methods: The research was conducted using the method of making spontaneous solubilization. Results: Thermodynamically stable 0.5% catechin W/O solubilization formulation can be formulated using the oil phase, namely Tween 80 (15% and 10%) as a surfactant, 15% propylene glycol and 10% glycerin and is quite stable against shaking (centrifugation) and testing. freeze-thaw or cycling test. Conclusion: Good solubility of catechins in water by solubilization mechanism. Based on the characterization and stability testing of the formed catechin solubilization system, the solubilization system of catechins was obtained which was more stable

Cytotoxicity studies of tetraprelyltoluquinone, a prenilated hydroquinone from Garcina cowa Roxb on H-460, MCF-7 and DU-145

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the cytotoxicity of a new ring-reduced tetra prenyltoluquinone (TPTQ), [2E,6E,10E]-(+)-4b-hydroxy-3-methyl-5b-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one against H-460, MCF-7 and DU-145 cell lines. Methods: Different concentrations of TPTQ were subjected to cytotoxicity study by using MTT method and calculate the percentage of cell viability. Results: The results of this study showed that this compound has IC50 value 16.3 ± 3.0 µM in H-460 cancer cell lines without any activities towards another two type of cell lines. Conclusion: TPTQ had selective activity against H-460 cancer cell lines

The use of gc-ms and ftir spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis for the detection of red ginger oil adulteration

The ginger oil traded worldwide could come from various sources. Standard quality is the most critical aspect of ensuring customer safety. This study aims to develop an analytical method for red ginger oil (RGO) authentication. Chemical compositions of red ginger oil were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis (DA), partial least square (PLS), and principal component regression (PCR) were used to identify and quantify the adulterant. The total terpenoid compounds were 55.72%, with the percentage of monoterpenes at 34.29% and sesquiterpenes at 21.43%. E-Citral (19.01%), Z-Citral (14.82%), Geranyl Acetate (11.90%), Geraniol (9.56%), 1,8-Cineole (5.84%), and camphene (4.92%) were identified as the main constituents. The best PLS model for quantifying the level of palm oil in RGO was at the wavenumber 3100–2700 cm–1, while the region of 3100 – 2700 and 1850 – 650 cm–1 was suitable for detection of soybean adulterants. FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics produced accurate and fast authentication of red ginger oil without the used solvent. Then, the GC-MS technique could identify the chemical constituents present in the red ginger oil

CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES OF TETRAPRELYLTOLUQUINONE, A PRENILATED HYDROQUINONE FROM GARCINA COWA ROXB ON H-460, MCF-7 AND DU-145

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the cytotoxicity of a new ring-reduced tetra prenyltoluquinone (TPTQ), [2E,6E,10E]-(+)-4b-hydroxy-3-methyl-5b-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one against H-460, MCF-7 and DU-145 cell lines.Methods: Different concentrations of TPTQ were subjected to cytotoxicity study by using MTT method and calculate the percentage of cell viability.Results: The results of this study showed that this compound has IC50 value 16.3 ± 3.0 µM in H-460 cancer cell lines without any activities towards another two type of cell lines.Conclusion: TPTQ had selective activity against H-460 cancer cell lines.Â