Habitat of Red-Backed Vole

These data are a part of a study of small mammal populations at Cedar Creek Forest, Anoka County, Minnesota. The live-trapping area of 5.0 acres, with 81 traps spaced 52 feet apart, was in a tamarack-white cedar bog. The study extended over a period of 7 years (1949-1955). Trapping periods of five days (four nights) extended from early May to the first part of October. In all, there were 14,580 trap-nights. A total of 428 voles were marked and weighed; data on 25 dead unmarked individuals are also included. A frequency index was calculated for each station. This index was arrived at by multiplying the number of individuals caught at a station by the number of years they occurred at that station. These indices were grouped and represented on a map. Clethrionomys occupied mostly the white cedar area with sparse to medium cover. Within this area their distribution was most closely correlated with the presence of stumps, rotting logs and root systems in loose forest litter and sphagnum

A Mid-Continent Irruption of Canada Lynx, 1962-63

There was a mid-continent irruption of the Canada lynx (Felis lynx) population and subsequent extensive movement into non-lynx habitats during the years 1962-1963. Lynx were found in the prairie provinces of Canada and the prairie areas of Minnesota, and North and South Dakota. They were also found in urban areas such as Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota: Winnipeg, Manitoba: and Calgary, Saskatchewan, Canada. Causes for the irruption remain unknown but speculations include primarily a change in snowshoe hare population, disease, extensive forest fires and extensive spraying. Unusual behavior seemed to be most often reflected by a lack of fear

Analysis of the \u3ci\u3eFlehmen\u3c/i\u3e Display in American Bison (\u3ci\u3eBison bison\u3c/i\u3e)

A tota1 of 873 Flehmen (lip curl) displays by bison (Bison bison) was recorded and statistically analyzed in relation to individual factors such as age and sex, and external factors such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, and Flehmen stimulus to determine if differences between subgroups of individuals existed and if Flehmen was environmentally affected. The mean lip curl display duration for all individuals was 8.4 seconds. Statistical tests of Flehmen duration means grouped by Flehmen stimuli showed a significant difference (p \u3c 0.05). Lip curl duration means for males (8.3 sec.) and females (9.3 sec.), maturity classes , all age-classes, cow age-classes, and bull age-classes were significantly different (p \u3c 0.05). Because of a marked decrease of duration means for prime bulls, some relationship between Flehmen duration and sexual behavior of bulls was suggested. Windspeed, humidity, and temperature were determined to have little influence on lip curl duration. No significant correlation was found between lip curl direction and wind direction. Local variations of windspeed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature around the lip curling individual do not permit legitimate conclusions regarding their effect on Flehmen duration and direction

Analysis of the \u3ci\u3eFlehmen\u3c/i\u3e Display in American Bison (\u3ci\u3eBison bison\u3c/i\u3e)

A tota1 of 873 Flehmen (lip curl) displays by bison (Bison bison) was recorded and statistically analyzed in relation to individual factors such as age and sex, and external factors such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, and Flehmen stimulus to determine if differences between subgroups of individuals existed and if Flehmen was environmentally affected. The mean lip curl display duration for all individuals was 8.4 seconds. Statistical tests of Flehmen duration means grouped by Flehmen stimuli showed a significant difference (p \u3c 0.05). Lip curl duration means for males (8.3 sec.) and females (9.3 sec.), maturity classes , all age-classes, cow age-classes, and bull age-classes were significantly different (p \u3c 0.05). Because of a marked decrease of duration means for prime bulls, some relationship between Flehmen duration and sexual behavior of bulls was suggested. Windspeed, humidity, and temperature were determined to have little influence on lip curl duration. No significant correlation was found between lip curl direction and wind direction. Local variations of windspeed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature around the lip curling individual do not permit legitimate conclusions regarding their effect on Flehmen duration and direction

Relative Impacts of Adult Movement, Larval Dispersal and Harvester Movement on the Effectiveness of Reserve Networks

Movement of individuals is a critical factor determining the effectiveness of reserve networks. Marine reserves have historically been used for the management of species that are sedentary as adults, and, therefore, larval dispersal has been a major focus of marine-reserve research. The push to use marine reserves for managing pelagic and demersal species poses significant questions regarding their utility for highly-mobile species. Here, a simple conceptual metapopulation model is developed to provide a rigorous comparison of the functioning of reserve networks for populations with different admixtures of larval dispersal and adult movement in a home range. We find that adult movement produces significantly lower persistence than larval dispersal, all other factors being equal. Furthermore, redistribution of harvest effort previously in reserves to remaining fished areas (‘fishery squeeze’) and fishing along reserve borders (‘fishing-the-line’) considerably reduce persistence and harvests for populations mobile as adults, while they only marginally changes results for populations with dispersing larvae. Our results also indicate that adult home-range movement and larval dispersal are not simply additive processes, but rather that populations possessing both modes of movement have lower persistence than equivalent populations having the same amount of ‘total movement’ (sum of larval and adult movement spatial scales) in either larval dispersal or adult movement alone

Psychological Support for Personality (PSP) versus treatment as usual: study protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled trial of a low intensity intervention for people with personality disorder

Background: Previous research has demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of long-term psychological treatment for people with some types of personality disorder. However, the high intensity and cost of these interventions limit their availability. Lower-intensity interventions are increasingly being offered to people with personality disorder, but their clinical and cost effectiveness have not been properly tested in experimental studies. We therefore set out to develop a low intensity intervention for people with personality disorder and to test the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial to compare the clinical effectiveness of this intervention with that of treatment as usual (TAU). Methods: A two-arm, parallel-group, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of Psychological Support for Personality (PSP) versus TAU for people aged over 18 years, who are using secondary care mental health services and have personality disorder. We will exclude people with co-existing organic or psychotic mental disorders (dementia, bipolar affective disorder, delusional disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizotypal disorder), those with cognitive or language difficulties that would preclude them from providing informed consent or compromise participation in study procedures, and those who are already receiving psychological treatment for personality disorder. Participants will be randomized via a remote system in a ratio of PSP to TAU of 1:1. Randomization will be stratified according to the referring team and gender of the participant. A single follow-up assessment will be conducted by masked researchers 24 weeks after randomization to assess mental health (using the Warwick and Edinburgh Well-Being Schedule), social functioning (using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L), incidence of suicidal behavior, satisfaction with care (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire), and resource use and costs using a modified version of the Adult Service Use Schedule. In addition to this, each participant will be asked to complete the patient version of the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Feasibility and acceptability will primarily be judged by study recruitment rate and engagement and retention in treatment. The analysis will focus principally on descriptive data on the rate of recruitment, characteristics of participants, attrition, adherence to therapy, and follow-up. We will explore the distribution of study outcomes to investigate assumptions of normality in order to plan the analysis and sample size of a future definitive trial. Discussion: Most people with personality disorder do not currently receive evidence-based interventions. While a number of high intensity psychological treatments have been shown to be effective, there is an urgent need to develop effective low intensity approaches to help people unable to use existing treatments. PSP is a low intensity intervention for individuals, which was developed following extensive consultation with users and providers of services for people with personality disorder. This study aims to examine the feasibility of a randomized trial of PSP compared to TAU for people with personality disorder

Mule Deer Record for Minnesota

During the hunting season of 1947, Leonard Nygren shot a deer near Pillager, Cass County, Minnesota. The deer, which weighed 153 pounds dressed, was disqualified in a sportsman\u27s contest because it was not considered a white-tailed deer, according to a newspaper report. The report was investigated and the animal in question was identified as a mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus. This extends the known range of this deer in Minnesota nearly 100 miles to the east. John Jarosz, Museum Preparator, and the writer went to Nygren\u27s place nine miles north of Pillager and measured and skinned the animal which is now specimen number 2457 in the Minnesota Museum of Natural History collection. The . total length of the animal was 72 inches, the ears were 10 inches, the metatarsal gland was 7 inches long, and the tail had a black tip. The vertical tine of the antler was not dichotomously branched, although quite long