Lo sviluppo dell’edilizia privata nell’Italia meridionale fra la metà del IV secolo a.C. e l’età augustea

La bibliografia proposta si riferisce, come primario oggetto di studio, all’analisi dei numerosi nuclei abitativi messi in luce in alcuni centri del Sannio, dell’Apulia e della Lucania ed afferenti ad un arco cronologico compreso fra la metà del IV secolo a.C. e l’età augustea. Non potendo tale disamina prescindere dalla conoscenza del contesto urbano e territoriale all’interno del quale tali testimonianze di inseriscono, si propone anche unabreve bibliografia relativa a tali aspetti

Liberty Further Extended”: The Federalist Identity of Lemuel Haynes, America\u27s First Biracial Minister

An introduction to the life and work of Lemuel Haynes (1753-1833), a neglected figure in American History as the first biracial pastor to lead an all-white Congregation in North America. The topic of this paper addresses an understudied and essential aspect of early America, political discourse from minority voices in the colonies. I hope to demonstrate in this paper how a particular early American minority worked as a change-agent despite the presence and practice of racism and slavery. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut and raised in Granville, Massachusetts, Haynes used the Bible, his voice, his agile mind, and a relentless work ethic to create a life on the Vermont frontier. Haynes served in the Continental army then pursued the adventure of a rural preaching ministry for himself, his Caucasian wife Elizabeth, and ten biracial children. For thirty years, Haynes commanded the pulpit of a Congregationalist church and used reason, logic, and wit to speak out publicly against the institution of slavery. Although Haynes maintained the respect and attention of many white parishioners, he never succeeded in forming ecclesiastical or nonreligious coalitions to combat slavery on a national level. Instead, Haynes chose to publish political sermons in support of the Federalist Party rather than exclusively publish his rational arguments against slavery. John Adams, who took office March 4 1797 as America’s second president, sacrificed family, wealth, and prestige to produce the early American republic. Haynes appreciated Adams as the Federalist successor to George Washington and as a fellow Massachusetts man who maintained a principled stance against slavery. As the Federalists lost control to Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans, Haynes limited his antislavery rhetoric and instead chose to publish elegant political commentary focused on national issues from 1798-1801. Haynes hoped to stem the tide and return the Federalist Party to power, while supporting the Federalist focus of national government, strong ties with Britain, and open interpretation to the Constitution. Given the rise of partisan politics in the early republic, Lemuel Haynes grew popular in several New England states not for his moral antislavery stance or skin tone but for his rational preaching and firm identity as a Federalist

The Ratio of Gametophytes to Tetrasporophytes of Intertidal Chondrus Crispus (Gigartinaceae) Across a Salinity Gradient

Population studies of the Gigartinaceae (Rhodophyta) have often observed that the ratio of gametophytes to tetrasporophytes varies with the location of the population or the time of sampling. For some species, patterns have emerged that correlate this ratio to one or a few particular environmental variables, such as elevation, wave exposure, or season. Identifying these distributional patterns is an important step towards understanding what (if any) ecological differences exist between the two free-living life history stages. The purpose of this study was to measure the ratio of gametophytes to tetrasporophytes of intertidal populations of Chondrus crispus across a decreasing salinity gradient from Rhode Island Sound, Rhode Island to Long Island Sound, Connecticut

Corporate or Network Governance? The case of the Italian Productive Chains and their scaffolding finance approach.

We investigate and find out the inner differences between stand-alone firms and those participating to Productive Chain Networks (PCNs) as far as ownership and corporate governance characteristics are concerned. PCNs are typical Italian economic realities made of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) which behave like a unique meta-firm. Different clusters are found from an empirical analysis: firms outside PCNs, leaders in PCNs and suppliers participating to PCNs. The clusters differentiate on corporate governance practices and the consequent capability to attract funding from financial institutions. The inner differences in governance structure relate to the underpinnings of the competitive advantage of the chain: the higher the human capital contribution, the more the governance frame diverts from standard managerial models. Our empirical findings show that the typical banks’ financing system (i.e. as it stems from Basel II and III rules) prefers to allocate credit to firms with worse corporate governance attributes, since a scaffolding finance approach links to the adopted models of firm’s governance when participating to PCNs

Examination of \u3cem\u3eUlva\u3c/em\u3e bloom species richness and relative abundance reveals two cryptically co- occurring bloom species in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Blooms caused by the green macroalga Ulva pose a serious threat to coastal ecosystem 20 around the world. Despite numerous studies of the causes and consequences of these blooms, we still have a limited understanding of Ulva bloom species richness and abundance due to difficulties in identifying Ulva species using morphological features. Along the northeastern U.S. coastline, all blooms of distromatic Ulva blades were previously identified as U. lactuca. Recent molecular sequencing, however, discovered the presence of additional distromatic Ulva species. Therefore, in order to determine the relative abundance of Ulva species within blooms, we conducted monthly surveys at four Narragansett Bay, RI, sites representing a gradient of bloom severity. We found that the biomass of Ulva within blooms was a mix of U. compressa and U. rigida, not U. lactuca as previously reported. In contrast, sites not impacted by blooms that were located near the mouth of Narragansett Bay were dominated by U. lactuca. We also observed spatial and temporal differences in Ulva and total macroalgal diversity between bloom-impacted sites, indicating that Ulva bloom composition can be radically different between similar sites within close proximity. We discuss our results in the context of Ulva blooms worldwide, highlighting the need to definitively determine bloom species composition in order to fully understand bloom dynamics

Snail Grazing Facilitates Growth of a Bloom-Forming Alga

Herbivory often has a negative effect on plants. However, there is a growing number of examples, primarily in terrestrial ecosystems, where herbivory causes an increase in plant size, growth rate, and/or reproductive output. In marine ecosystems, the positive effects of herbivores on macroalgae are not as well studied, although limited evidence exists for herbivore-induced increases in macroalgal growth rates via 2 mechanisms: nutrient addition via grazer defecation, and epiphyte removal. In this study, we examined the effects of grazing by the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta on Ulva lactuca, the dominant bloom-forming macroalga in many New England estuaries. We found that the presence of I. obsoleta had a significant positive, rather than negative, effect on U. lactuca. Through caging experiments, we established that this positive effect was not due to fecal nutrient inputs from the snail. Similarly, snail contact in the absence of grazing did not affect U. lactuca growth rates. In contrast, grazing by I. obsoleta significantly reduced the microalgal cover on heavily fouled U. lactuca blades, indicating that snail herbivory of microalgal films likely facilitates U. lactuca growth. Our study demonstrates the surprising, positive effect that an abundant herbivore can have on the growth of a macroalgal bloom species

Utilization of the Invasive Alga Gracilaria Vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss by the Native Mud Snail Ilyanassa Obsoleta (Say)

The recent invasions of the red alga, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, to the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans have the potential to significantly alter intertidal and subtidal soft sediment communities. In particular, G. vermiculophylla increases habitat complexity and provides a novel hard substrate in an otherwise two dimensional habitat. Following our observations that the native omnivorous mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta utilizes G. vermiculophylla for egg capsule deposition, our field surveys demonstrated that the in situ abundance of egg capsules on G. vermiculophylla matched abundances on a native alga Ceramium virgatumandwere at least 11–50 times greater than on all other co-occurring macrophytes. Additionally, through mesocosm experiments, we showed that I. obsoleta preferentially deposits eggs on the invasive G. vermiculophylla over native substrates. However, despite the thick layer of egg capsules found on G. vermiculophylla, no detrimental effects were seen on thalli growth. In contrast, growth of the native red alga Ceramium virgatum was significantly reduced when egg capsules were present, suggesting G. vermiculophylla can out-compete native macrophytes in areas of I. obsoleta abundance, while facilitating reproduction of the native mud snail. This novel interaction has the potential to significantly alter biological interactions in soft sediment communities through a variety of different mechanisms, including the alteration of trophic cascades via the increase in mud snail abundance. Furthermore, facilitation of the reproductive success of I. obsoleta may lead to increases in the occurrence of cercarial dermatitis, as I. obsoleta is a known intermediate host organism

Conducting olefin metathesis reactions in air : breaking the paradigm

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Royal Society (University Research Fellowship to CSJC) and the EC (CP-FP 211468-2 EUMET) for funding.The first study of low catalyst loading olefin metathesis reactions in air is reported. TON values of up to 7000 were obtained using non-degassed solvents with commercially available pre-catalysts Caz-1, Hov-II and Ind-II. The simple experimental conditions allow olefin metathesis reactions to be carried out on the benchtop using technical grade solvents in air.PostprintPeer reviewe

Herbivore Impacts on Two Morphologically Similar Bloom-Forming Ulva Species in a Eutrophic Bay

Herbivore impacts on macrophyte growth vary with the identity of the herbivores and macrophytes, as well as under different abiotic conditions. This interaction is further complicated by anthropogenic alterations to the environment, such as eutrophication. In this study, we utilized in situ herbivore exclusion experiments and mesocosm feeding preference assays to examine the impacts of different herbivores on the growth of two morphologically similar, co-occurring macroalgal bloom Ulva species in a nutrient-rich environment. We found that herbivory had a measurable impact on Ulva biomass, though the rate of consumption rarely surpassed growth for either Ulva species. We determined that the primary herbivores within the blooms were amphipods and mud crabs, and that their effects varied among study sites and months. Our results also confirmed that, even with a diverse suite of consumers, Ulva blooms are capable of escaping herbivore control, particularly early in the growing season when growth rates peak and herbivore activity is limited. Furthermore, our experiments revealed species-specific feeding preferences among herbivores, as well as differences in growth rates and chemistry between the two Ulva species, which likely influence bloom dynamics

Temperature and respiration affect the growth and stress resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum C17

Aims: The aim of the study is to gain further insight on the respiratory behaviour of Lactobacillus plantarum and its consequences on stress tolerance. Methods and Results: We investigated the effect of temperature and respiration on the growth and stress (heat, oxidative, freezing, freeze-drying) response of Lact. plantarum C17 during batch cultivations. Temperature as well as respiration clearly affected the physiological state of cells, and generally, cultures grown under respiratory conditions exhibited improved tolerance of some stresses (heat, oxidative, freezing) compared to those obtained in anaerobiosis. Our results revealed that the activities in cell-free extracts of the main enzymes related to aerobic metabolism, POX (pyruvate oxidase) and NPR (NADH peroxidase), were significantly affected by temperature. POX was completely inhibited at 37°C, while the activity of NPR slightly increased at 25°C, indicating that in Lact. plantarum, the temperature of growth may be involved in the activation and modulation of aerobic/respiratory metabolism. Conclusions: We confirmed that respiration confers robustness to Lact. plantarum cells, allowing a greater stress tolerance and advantages in the production of starter and probiotic cultures. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study on respiratory metabolism on a strain other than the model strains WCFS1; novel information on the role of temperature in the modulation of aerobic/ respiratory metabolism in Lact. plantarum is presented