Ultra high field TOF-MRA: A method to visualize small cerebral vessels. 7T TOF-MRA sequence parameters on different MRI scanners – Literature review

Introduction Time-of-flight (TOF) angiography is a technique allowing to visualize the blood flow in vessels. 7T ToF-MRA is able to visualize the whole Circle of Willis including small perforating branches without any known side effects as opposed to usually used DSA and CTA with high exposition to the radiation and high doses of contrast as far as CTA is concerned. Aim The aim of this review is to describe ultra-high field ToF-MRA and present different protocol data depending on the scanner used in the study. Materials and methods PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Google Scholar databases were searched. Selection of studies for this systematic review included 7T magnetic resonance angiography studies. We searched for type of head coil used in various studies, flip angle, echo time, repetition time, field-of-view (FOV), number of slices per slab, matrix, voxel size and acquisition time. Discussion Visualization for the small perforating vessels of the Circle of Willis, that are not fully visualized using low-field-strength MRA is improving with increasing magnetic field strength, which has been proved by several studies. Conclusion Ultra-high filed ToF-MRA has found to be a superior method in depicting cerebral microvasculature. 7T ToF-MRA seems to be a reliable method for visualization of arteries up to the second order cerebral arteries and has a potential to replace DSA

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a tumor originating from the nuclear layer of the primary retinal photoreceptor cells, genetically determined. It develops due to a mutation in chromosome 13 in the q14 band. It is the most common, originally malignant intraocular change in childhood and accounts for 10-15% of cancer cases occurring in the first year of life [1]. Usually this cancer manifests itself as a leukocoria in a child under two years of age. In a congenital form, it can be multifocal, on both sides, and the risk of secondary cancers should also be taken into account. Diagnosis of retinoblastoma requires indirect ophthalmoscopy and research using imaging diagnostics techniques: ultrasonography (USG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). If left untreated, it leads to metastasis and death of the child. With the advancement of medicine, survival with modern treatment methods is> 95%. More and more often it is possible to save the mutant eye enucleation surgery. Immediate referral to an ophthalmologist's oncologist and proper management by an interdisciplinary team are necessary to optimize the visual effect and survival [2]

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - unit description, diagnosis and treatment

Many GPs are increasingly dealing with patients complaining of ailments likely to suggest gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). These symptoms include heartburn, abdominal pain, and a feeling of esophageal reflux (regurgitation). GERD is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases that gastroenterologists meet in their practice (1, 2). In North America the problem is affected from 18.1% to even 27.8% of the population. The situation is similar in Europe, where the proportion of people with reflux symptoms is in the range of 8.8% - 25.9%. Among European countries, the prevalence of GERD symptoms is higher in the north of the continent than in the south. The growing problem of overweight and obesity that makes GERD more and more recognized in the population of children and adolescents (3) is a worrying fact. Interestingly, reflux-related complaints are much less frequent in eastern Asia, affecting only 2.5% -7.8% of the population (4)

Lumbar discopathy resolved with microdiscectomy - case report

Low back pain is a widespread medical problem, fortunately most episodes are self limiting and resolve within 6 weeks. Many patients may be treated initially with conservative methods. Persistent sciatic pain or developing neurological deficits corresponding with MR scans pathologies of intervertebral disc (herniation , sequestration) are crucial for surgical qualification. We present patient with acute sciatica caused by disc herniation resolved with lumbar microdiscectomy

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - treatment

Litak Jakub, Grochowski Cezary, Litak Joanna, Szmygin Paweł, Kulesza Bartłomiej, Kamieniak Piotr. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(1):141-146. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.238710 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4160 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.12.2016. Revised 20.12.2016. Accepted: 11.01.2017. Zespół cieśni nadgarstka – leczenie Jakub Litak [1], Cezary Grochowski [2], Joanna Litak [3], Paweł Szmygin [1], Bartłomiej Kulesza [1], Piotr Kamieniak [1] [1] Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej SPSK-4 w Lublinie [2] Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej Człowieka Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie [3] Centrum Onkologii Ziemii Lubelskiej im. Jana z Dukli Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – treatment Jakub Litak [1], Cezary Grochowski [2], Joanna Litak [3], Paweł Szmygin [1], Bartłomiej Kulesza [1], Piotr Kamieniak [1] [1] Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery SPSK-4 in Lublin [2] Department of Human Anatomy Medical University of Lublin [3] St. John`s Cancer Center in Lublin Słowa kluczowe: Zespół cieśni nadgarstka Key words: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Abstrakt Zespół cieśni nadgarstka jest częstym schorzeniem spotykanym w praktyce lekarskiej. Obraz kliniczny i diagnostyka przewodnictwa nerwowego są podstawą rozpoznania. Leczenie dobrane adekwatnie do nasilenia dolegliwosci daje ulgę w bólu . Zaniki mięśniowe w obrębie kłębu kciuka są wskazaniem do zabiegu operacyjnego . Abstract Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common disease in General Practice. Clinical symptoms and Nerve Conduction Evaluation are crucial for proper diagnosis. Adequate treatment leads to pain relief. Thenar dystrophy indicates surgical treatment

Ból kręgosłupa szyjnego w przebiegu radikulopatii = The cervical spine pain in radiculopathy

Litak Jakub, Grochowski Cezary, Kulesza Bartłomiej, Kamieniak Piotr. Ból kręgosłupa szyjnego w przebiegu radikulopatii = The cervical spine pain in radiculopathy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):500-510. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.189567http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4025   The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 30.11.2016.   Ból kręgosłupa szyjnego w przebiegu radikulopatii Jakub Litak¹, Cezary Grochowski², Bartłomiej Kulesza¹, Piotr Kamieniak¹ ¹Oddział Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej SPSK-4 w Lublinie²Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej Człowieka Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie  The cervical spine pain in radiculopathyJakub Litak¹, Cezary Grochowski², Bartłomiej Kulesza¹, Piotr Kamieniak¹ ¹Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery SPSK-4 in Lublin²Department of Human Anatomy  Medical University of Lublin  Key words: cervical discopathy, radiculopathy, neck pain    AbstraktBóle kręgosłupa szyjnego stanowią poważny problem diagnostyczny w praktyce lekarskiej . Są najczęstszą przyczyną zgłaszania się do lekarza i mają znaczący wymiar ekonomiczny. W związku z rozwojem cywilizacyjnym, stresem , siedzącym trybem życia i ograniczeniem aktywności procesy  degeneracyjno - wytwórcze w kręgosłupie szyjnym stają się bardziej powszechne. Radikulopatia szyjna jest neurologicznym stanem wywołanym kompresją lub uszkodzeniem korzeni nerwowych szyjnego odcinka kręgosłupa. Stan ten generuje ból w obrębie szyi  nie rzadko promieniuje do obręczy barkowej i kończyn górnych. Postępowanie diagnostyczne jest procesem wieloetapowym. Wywiad i badanie fizykalne pełnia znaczącą rolę a badania obrazowe uzupełniają pełną diagnozę. Farmakoterapia i ograniczenie obciążeń redukują ból w ostrej fazie.W przypadku nieskuteczności leczenia zachowawczego , przewlekłego bólu czy tez postępujących deficytów neurologicznych przeprowadzenie zabiegu operacyjnego obarczającego uciśnięte struktury nerwowe staje się jedynym słusznym postępowaniem . Słowa kluczowe: szyjna dyskopatia, radikulopatia, ból kręgosłupa szyjnego  AbstractThe cervical spine pain represents serious diagnostic medical problem .It is the most common reason for visiting the doctor and has economic dimension . According to Development of Civilization , stress , sitting lifestyle and limitation of physical  activity  Degenerative and Osteoarthritic  syndromes become more common. Cervical radiculopathy  is a neurological condition caused by compression or damage of the nerve roots ofthe cervical spine.  This leads to the occurrence of the neck pain  radiating  to the shoulders and upper extremities. Diagnostic path is a multistage process. Medical interview and physical examination perform essential role . Imaging tools complete proper diagnosis . Pharmacotherapy and short term immobilization reduce pain in a acute phase of disease . However when conservative treatment fails and the patient reports chronic  pain, progressive neurological deficits appears  , surgery may be considered  in order to decompress constricted neurological structures,  as a best relieving pain treatment . Key words: cervical discopathy, radiculopathy, neck pai

Analysis of Trace Elements in Human Brain: Its Aim, Methods, and Concentration Levels

Trace elements play a crucial role in many biochemical processes, mainly as components of vitamins and enzymes. Although small amounts of metal ions have protective properties, excess metal levels result in oxidative injury, which is why metal ion homeostasis is crucial for the proper functioning of the brain. The changes of their level in the brain have been proven to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, it is currently an important application of various analytical methods. This review covers the most important of them: inductively coupled ground mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flame-induced atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), optical emission spectrometry with excitation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and neutron activation analysis (NAA). Additionally, we present a summary of concentration values found by different research groups

Urazowe uszkodzenie mózgu = Traumatic brain injury

Kulesza Bartłomiej, Litak Jakub, Grochowski Cezary, Kulesza Jacek, Nogalski Adam. Urazowe uszkodzenie mózgu = Traumatic brain injury. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):215-221.eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.197104http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4044https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/763747   The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 07.12.2016.   Urazowe uszkodzenie mózguTraumatic brain injuryBartłomiej Kulesza1, Jakub Litak2, Cezary Grochowski2, Jacek Kulesza3, Adam Nogalski1 1 Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Urazowej i Medycyny Ratunkowej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie2 Katedra i Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie3 Oddział Neurochirurgiczny, Szpital Specjalistyczny w Sandomierzu lek. med. Bartłomiej Kulesza1,lek. med. Jakub Litak2,lek. med.  Cezary Grochowski2,dr n. med. Jacek Kulesza3,dr hab. n. med. Adam Nogalski1  StreszczenieUrazowe uszkodzenie mózgu (TBI)  nie jest właściwie jedną chorobą,  ale obejmuje szeroki zakres zmian w funkcjonowaniu mózgu lub inną ewidentną patologią mózgu spowodowaną zadziałaniem siły zewnętrznej.  TBI jest często określane mianem „cichej epidemii”.  Szacuje się że w Europie każdego roku z powodu jakieś formy TBI cierpi 2,5 miliona osób.  Patologiczny mechanizm TBI można podzielić na dwie fazy: pierwotne i wtórne uszkodzenie mózgu.  Są różne skale służące do oceny poszkodowanych po urazach, w przypadku urazów głowy największe znaczenie ma skala stanu świadomości Glasgow (GCS).  Najczęściej stosowana skala do oceny wyników leczenia chorych po TBI jest skala wyników leczenia Glasgow (GOS).  Rokowanie po TBI jest z reguły niekorzystne, można je próbować oszacować uwzględniając wiele czynników lub korzystając z dwóch kalkulatorów prognostycznych dostępnych w Internecie.Słowa kluczowe: urazowe uszkodzenie mózgu, epidemiologia, skala, rokowanieAbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is not just one disease, but includes a wide spectrum alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology caused by external force. TBI is often referred to as "the silent epidemic". In Europe, it is estimated approximately 2,5 milion people suffer from some form of TBI.  The pathological mechanism of TBI is divided into two phases: primary and secondary brain injury. There are various scales to assess victims after injuries,  in case of head injuries the most important is Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The most common scale used to evaluate the results of treatment of patients after TBI is Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The prognosis after TBI is generally unfavorable, there are a few factors which can try to assess outcomes or there are two prognostic calculators available on the Internet.Key words: traumatic brain injury, epidemiology, scale, outcom

Long - term concequences of subdural hematoma on quality of life

Czyżewski Wojciech, Litak Jakub, Kulesza Bartłomiej, Rolińska Agnieszka, Staniewicz Dominik, Grochowski Cezary, Kruk Rafał, Tyzo Bartłomiej. Long - term concequences of subdural hematoma on quality of life. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(9):961-965. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1419662 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5990 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/877650 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2018; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.09.2018. Revised: 12.09.2018. Accepted: 15.09.2018. Long - term concequences of subdural hematoma on quality of life Wojciech Czyżewski1, Jakub Litak2, Bartłomiej Kulesza2, Agnieszka Rolińska3, Dominik Staniewicz4, Cezary Grochowski2, Rafał Kruk2, Bartłomiej Tyzo2 1 Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation Medical University of Lublin. 2 Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery SPSK-4 in Lublin. 3 Department of Clinical Psychology, 4 Medical University of Lublin. \ Krwiak podtwardówkowy i jego długoterminowy wpływ na jakość życia 1 Zakład Dydaktyki i Symulacji Medycznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie. 2 Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej SPSK4 w Lublinie. 3 Zakład Psychologii Stosowanej Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie. 4 Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie. Abstract Subdural hematoma (SDH) could be an acute state required rapid neurosurgical decompression, could also represent chronic form; both develop after head trauma as well. Long term influence on a quality of life depend on many factors. Researchers put a lot of effort to find those which play most predictive role. Abstrakt Krwiak podtwardówkowy jako stan nagły może wymagać szybkiej dekompresji neurochirurgicznej, może również mieć formę przewlekłą - oba mogą być związane z urazem głowy. Długoterminowy wpływ na jakość życia zależy od wielu czynników. Badacze poszukuję tych ,które maja największa wartość predykcyjną. Key words: Subdural hematoma, bleeding. Słowa kluczowe: Krwiak podtwardówkowy, krwawienie

The Evaluation of Optic Nerves Using 7 Tesla 'Silent' Zero Echo Time Imaging in Patients with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy with or without Idebenone Treatment

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Optic Nerve is difficult due to the fine extended nature of the structure, strong local magnetic field distortions induced by anatomy, and large motion artefacts associated with eye movement. To address these problems we used a Zero Echo Time (ZTE) MRI sequence with an Adiabatic SPectral Inversion Recovery (ASPIR) fat suppression pulse which also imbues the images with Magnetisation Transfer contrast. We investigated an application of the sequence for imaging the optic nerve in subjects with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Of particular note is the sequence's near-silent operation, which can enhance image quality of the optic nerve by reducing the occurrence of involuntary saccades induced during Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanning