Bacillus subtilis no biocontrole de Ceratocystis fimbriata em mudas de Acacia mearnsii

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates, obtained from Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), on black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) seedlings, the potential biological control exerted in vitro by Bacillus subtilis on C. fimbriata, and the in vivo effect of B. subtilis against C. fimbriata on black wattle seedlings. Isolates of C. fimbriata obtained and identified from kiwi plantations were used in pathogenicity tests on A. mearnsii seedlings. In vitro, the antagonistic potential of B. subtilis on the pathogen was analyzed by direct confrontation tests. To evaluate the effect of B. subtilis in vivo, black wattle seedlings were inoculated with Rhizolyptus® seven days before and after pathogen inoculation. On black wattle seedlings, C. fimbriata isolates caused 44,15% to 100% severity. Direct confrontation tests revealed that the strains were effective in the biological control of C. fimbriata isolates in vitro. In vivo, Rizolyptus® was not efficient in controlling C. fimbriata.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de isolados de Ceratocystis fimbriata obtidos de kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) em mudas de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.), o potencial de biocontrole in vitro de Bacillus subtilis sobre C. fimbriata e o comportamento in vivo de B. subtilis contra C. fimbriata em mudas de acácia-negra. Isolados de C. fimbriata obtidos e identificados em plantios de kiwi foram utilizados em testes de patogenicidade em mudas de A. mearnsii. O potencial antagônico in vitro de B. subtilis sobre o patógeno foi analisado em testes de confrontação direta. Para avaliar o comportamento in vivo de B. subtilis, as mudas de acácia-negra foram inoculadas com Rizolyptus® sete dias antes e após a inoculação do patógeno. Nas mudas de acácia-negra os isolados de C. fimbriata exibiram percentuais de severidade que variam de 44,15% a 100%. Nos testes de confrontação direta as cepas mostraram-se eficientes no biocontrole in vitro sobre os isolados de C. fimbriata. In vivo, o produto Rizolyptus® não foi eficiente no controle de C. fimbriata

Formação continuada dos professores das escolas técnicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria

This article highlights the importance of the presence of teachers in continuing education courses, aiming to analyze the participation of teachers of Polytechnic and Technical Industrial - Ctism - Colleges of Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM - in continuing education courses. For this, we conducted a quantitative survey and the data collected through a multiple choice questionnaire that was applied to teachers in these institutions. It was concluded that most teachers of Polytechnic and Ctism Colleges of UFSM participate in continuing education courses and institutions to receive this incentive. Still, teachers attend refresher courses in education, even those that are embedded in more technical areas.Key-words: professional development, technological education.Neste texto destaca-se a importância da formação continuada de professores, tendo como objetivo analisar a participação dos docentes dos Colégios Politécnico e Técnico Industrial - Ctism - da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM - em cursos de formação continuada. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, sendo os dados coletados por meio de um questionário de múltipla escolha que foi aplicado para os docentes das referidas instituições. Concluiu-se que a maioria dos professores dos colégios Politécnico e Ctism da UFSM participam de cursos de formação continuada e recebem incentivos das suas instituições. Ainda, os professores frequentam cursos de atualização na área da educação, mesmo aqueles que estão inseridos em áreas mais técnicas.Palavras-chave: atualização profissional, ensino tecnológico

HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF AROEIRA-PRETA ( Lithraea molleoides ) SEEDS EXPOSED TO METHODS OF OVERCOMING DORMANCY

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiol\uf3gica e sanit\ue1ria de sementes de ( Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. comparando diferentes m\ue9todos de supera\ue7\ue3o da dorm\ueancia. Os m\ue9todos de supera\ue7\ue3o da dorm\ueancia utilizados foram: escarifica\ue7\ue3o \ue1cida por 10, 15, 20 e 25 minutos; imers\ue3o em \ue1gua quente, com temperatura de 70, 80 e 90\ub0C, at\ue9 resfriar por 24 horas, imers\ue3o em \ue1cido giber\ue9lico (GA3) na concentra\ue7\ue3o de 250 e 500 mg.L-1, por 24 e 48 horas; e imers\ue3o em nitrato de pot\ue1ssio (KNO3) por 24 e 48 horas. Foram realizadas avalia\ue7\uf5es de sanidade, germina\ue7\ue3o e comprimento m\ue9dio de pl\ue2ntulas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeti\ue7\uf5es de 25 sementes por tratamento. Os dados em percentagem foram transformados segundo arco sen 1ax/100 e submetidos \ue0 an\ue1lise de vari\ue2ncia. A compara\ue7\ue3o das m\ue9dias foi realizada atrav\ue9s do teste de Tukey a 5 % de signific\ue2ncia. Foi realizada an\ue1lise de correla\ue7\ue3o simples entre sementes mortas do teste de germina\ue7\ue3o e os diferentes fungos identificados no teste de sanidade. No teste de sanidade, foram identificados com maior incid\ueancia os fungos Rhizoctonia spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Chaetomium spp., Epicoccum spp. De uma maneira geral, a utiliza\ue7\ue3o da \ue1gua quente controlou a incid\ueancia dos diferentes fungos e a utiliza\ue7\ue3o do \ue1cido giber\ue9lico proporcionou um aumento da incid\ueancia dos diferentes pat\uf3genos. A maior porcentagem de germina\ue7\ue3o foi observada quando se utilizou escarifica\ue7\ue3o \ue1cida por 20 minutos, imers\ue3o em \ue1gua quente a 70\ub0C, GA3 (250 mg L-1 por 48 horas) e KNO3 por 48 horas.This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds ( Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. comparing different methods to overcome dormancy. Methods of overcoming dormancy were used: acid scarification for 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes soaking in hot water with temperatures of 70, 80 and 90\ub0C, for 24 hours until cool, soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) in the concentration 250 and 500 mg.L-1 for 24 and 48 hours, and immersion in potassium nitrate (KNO3) for 24 and 48 hours. We evaluated health, germination and seedling length of the experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. The percentage data were transformed into the second arc sin 1ax/100 and subjected to analysis of variance. Comparison of means was performed using the Tukey test at 5% significance level. Analysis was a simple correlation between the test of dead seeds test and the different fungi in identified sanity. In the health test, the fungi which had the highest incidence were Rhizoctonia spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Chaetomium spp., Epicoccum spp. In general, the use of hot water controlled the incidence of different fungi and the use of gibberellic acid resulted in an increase in the incidence of different pathogens. The highest percentage of germination was observed when using acid scarification for 20 minutes, soaking in hot water at 70\ub0C, GA3(250 mg.L-1 for 48 hours) and KNO3 for 48 hours

Adaptation of the tetrazolium test for evaluation of Ceiba speciosa seeds

 O objetivo deste estudo foi definir a metodologia mais adequada para a realização do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna – Malvaceae (paineira). Duas amostras de sementes foram utilizadas, para as quais, inicialmente, determinaram-se o teor de água e a germinação. Para o teste de tetrazólio foram testados dois tempos de exposição, três e quatro horas, e três concentrações da solução de tetrazólio, 0,1, 0,5 e 1%. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x3 (amostras x tempos x concentrações) com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. A comparação das médias foi feita pelo teste de Duncan a 5% e após foi realizada análise de correlação entre os resultados do tetrazólio e de germinação. Embora a concentração de 0,1% de tetrazólio tenha permitido a visualização de uma maior porcentagem de sementes viáveis, para ambas as amostras e ambos os tempos de exposição, apenas a concentração de 0,5% com quatro horas de exposição, se correlacionou positiva e significativamente com a germinação para ambas as amostras. Portanto, o teste de tetrazólio para sementes de paineira deve ser realizado utilizando-se para coloração a solução de tetrazólio a 0,5%, por quatro horas.The objective of this research was to define the tetrazolium test methodology for Ceiba speciosa seeds. Two C. speciosa seeds samples were used and, for each of these, it were determinate the moisture content and germination. For the tetrazolium test it were tested two periods of tetrazolium solution exposition (three and four hours), and three tetrazolium solutions concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%). All the treatments were submitted to the temperature of 40°C in dark. The statistical design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 2x2x3 (samples x periods x concentrations) with four replications of 25 seeds. The means comparison was by the Duncan test at the 0.05 level of probability and were done  correlation tests between tetrazolium and germination tests. Although the tetrazolium solution 0.1% allowed identify high percentages of viable seeds for both samples and periods, only the 0.5% concentration for four hours had a positive and significant correlation with the germination for both samples. Thus, the tetrazolium test for Ceiba speciosa seeds should be realized with the tetrazolium solution concentration of  0.5%, for four hours

Evaluation of essential oils in health and physiological quality of Schinus molle seeds and seedlings

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon nardus e Eucalyptus globulus, na qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes e mudas de Schinus molle L. As sementes foram tratadas com os óleos essenciais nas concentrações de 10%, em 1 μL g-1 de sementes, 20% , em 2 μL g-1 de sementes, 30%, em 3 μL g-1 de sementes e o tratamento controle. Após os tratamentos, as sementes foram avaliadas pelo teste de sanidade, utilizando-se o método do papel de filtro (“blotter test”) e pelo teste de germinação, onde as sementes foram colocadas entre substrato vermiculita. Para as contagens, foram consideradas sementes germinadas e sementes mortas. Na avaliação da qualidade das mudas, mediu-se o comprimento da parte aérea, raízes, altura total e diâmetro do colo. A utilização dos óleos essenciais de citronela e menta reduziu a incidência dos diferentes patógenos presentes nas sementes de S. molle. O óleo essencial de menta a 20% e 30 % favoreceu a germinação das sementes. O óleo essencial de eucalipto, em qualquer concentração, aumentou o crescimento das mudas.The objective was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globules essential oils, in sanitary and physiological quality of Schinus molle L. seeds and seedlings. The seeds were treated with essential oils at concentrations of 10%, on 1 μL g-1, 20%, on 2 μL g-1, 30% , on 3 μL g-1 and control. After treatments, seeds were evaluated by sanity test, using filter paper method (“blotter test”) and by germination test, where the seeds were placed between vermiculite substrate. For counts, sprouted and dead seeds were considered. Shoot length, root, total height and stem diameter were measured for seedlings evaluation. The use of citronella and mint essential oils reduced the incidence of different pathogens in S. molle seeds. Mint essential oil at 20% and 30% were effective to promote seeds germination. Eucalyptus essential oil in any concentration was efficient to increase seedlings growth

QUALIDADE SANITÁRIA E FISIOLÓGICA DE Senna macranthera (DC ex. Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby QUANDO SUBMETIDA A MÉTODOS DE SUPERAÇÃO DA DORMÊNCIA

Senna macranthera, better known as manduirana, belongs to the family of Caesalpiniaceae and occurs naturally in the region from the states of Paraná to Rio Grande do Norte. It is a pioneer species, characteristic of secondary education. The objective of this study to determine the health and physiological quality of Senna macranthera seeds when subjected to methods of overcoming dormancy. The seeds were submitted to break dormancy by: acid scarification for 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes; immersion in hot water with temperature of 70, 80 and 90 °C by cooling for 24 hours; immersion in gibberellic acid (GA3) at a concentration of 250 and 500 mg.L-1, 24 and 48 hours; immersion in potassium nitrate (KNO3) at a concentration of 0,2% for 24 and 48 hours. Then they were made the health tests, germination and tetrazolium. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. The comparison of means between the different treatments to overcome seed dormancy was conducted by the Tukey test at level 5% significance. The main genera of fungi found associated with the seeds were Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. The Senna macranthera seeds had higher germination rate when subjected to acid scarification for 15 and 20 minutes, hot water at 70°C; soaking in GA3 250 mg.L-1 for 48 hours and KNO3 for 48 hours. The use of rapid tests, such as the tetrazolium test, proved inefficient, since there was an overestimation of seed vigor

Ocorrência de Ceratocystis fimbriata em Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) no sul do Brasil

Em uma inspeção de rotina em uma plantação de kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), constataram-se plantas com sintomas de murcha, morte e escurecimento interno dos tecidos do caule. Isolamentos a partir de tecidos infectados e do solo rizosférico permitiram a obtenção de cultura de um fungo com características morfológicas similares a Ceratocystis fimbriata, cuja identificação foi confirmada a partir do sequenciamento da região ITS do rDNA. O teste de patogenicidade foi realizado nas variedades Monty e Farroupilha. Constatou-se que o agente causal da doença em kiwi pertence ao complexo Ceratocystis fimbriata e ao clado da América Latina, e os isolados inoculados foram patogênicos às duas variedades testadas

HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF AROEIRA-PRETA (<i>Lithraea molleoides</i>) SEEDS EXPOSED TO METHODS OF OVERCOMING DORMANCY

<p class="Pa4"><a>http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814567</a></p><p class="Pa4">This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds <em>Lithraea molleoides </em>(Vell.) Engl. comparing different methods to overcome dormancy. Methods of overcoming dormancy were used: acid scarification for 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes soaking in hot water with temperatures of 70, 80 and 90°C, for 24 hours until cool, soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) in the concentration 250 and 500 mg.L-1 for 24 and 48 hours, and immersion in potassium nitrate (KNO3) for 24 and 48 hours. We evaluated health, germination and seedling length of the experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. The percentage data were transformed into the second arc sin √x/100 and subjected to analysis of variance. Comparison of means was performed using the Tukey test at 5% significance level. Analysis was a simple correlation between the test of dead seeds test and the different fungi in identified sanity. In the health test, the fungi which had the highest incidence were <em>Rhizoctonia </em>spp., <em>Penicillium </em>spp., <em>Aspergillus </em>spp., <em>Alternaria </em>spp. <em>Chaetomium </em>spp. <em>Epicoccum </em>spp. In general, the use of hot water controlled the incidence of different fungi and the use of gibberellic acid resulted in an increase in the incidence of different pathogens. The highest percentage of germination was observed when using acid scarification for 20 minutes, soaking in hot water at 70°C, GA3(250 mg.L-1 for 48 hours) and KNO3 for 48 hours.</p