Trafficking in Women and Children: The U.S. and International Response - Updated August 1, 2001

CRSdoc1TraffickingWomen0801.pdf: 3541 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

The Changing Wind of Data Privacy Law: A Comparative Study of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and the 2018 California Consumer Privacy Act

On May 25, 2018, the European Union’s (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect. The GDPR is expected to reshape web use and overhaul data privacy laws beyond Europe in how businesses and organizations can handle customer and user information. Only a month after, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA). The CCPA is one of the most significant regulations overseeing data-collection practices of businesses in the United States. It is the first of its kind and is expected to provide the most comprehensive data privacy measures in the United States. As such, the combined CCPA and GDPR data privacy regulations will likely usher in a tidal wave of changes, most likely setting new data privacy standards for other jurisdictions to model. Drawing from these events, this Note will examine the EU’s and California’s newest data privacy laws, studying the immediate and potential effects of GDPR and CCPA regulations on the existing data privacy regime. Through a comparative study of GDPR and CCPA provisions, this Note attempts to answer key questions in discourse today—to what extent are the CCPA and GDPR moving towards convergence or divergence, and how will the laws affect businesses and consumers? Is the U.S. data privacy environment veering away from its hands-off approach and drawing closer to the comprehensive approach of the EU data privacy regime? This Note will explore these questions looking at two particular provisions in the GDPR and CCPA: (1) the opt-in vs. opt-out consent and (2) the right to be forgotten/right to delete personal data. Lastly, this Note analyzes the practical implications of the GDPR and CCPA regulations on businesses in terms of how receptive businesses are to the regulations, how well businesses strive to conform to the regulatory boundaries of data privacy regimes, and whether the regulations will have the intended effect of strengthening consumer rights by putting heavier restrictions on businesses

Legal aid and governmentality: Beyond neo-liberalism

The evolution of Ontario\u27s legal aid program has followed the trajectory of broader discursive shifts, beginning from charity to rights and towards fiscal responsibility. Such discursive developments have been imagined by governmentality scholars as indicative of specific historical governmental strategies. Within this field, rationalities of welfarism and neo-liberalism have dominated the ways in which government has been analysed. This paper examines how representative the shift from welfarism to neo-liberalism is of actual programs and to what extent these dominant discourses structure the current legal aid program in Ontario, Legal Aid Ontario (LAO). Through discourse analysis, I critically examine programmatic texts such as manuals and policy guidelines to draw out the discourses which operate in these documents. The findings suggest that the governmental rationalities that inform LAO cannot be neatly categorized as neo-liberalism; rather, there is evidence of a multiplicity or complexity of rationalities that have shaped LAO

The Darkness is Passing

My work is about the interplay of light, darkness and space. I express illumination of space and penetrating light with abstract painting. I use the white of canvas and thick application of black paint to create frames and to break rules of defined dimensions. Through my paintings, I challenge the perception of space and question the boundaries between two and three dimensions

A simulated live interaction to examine behavioral correlates of social cognition in individuals with social anhedonia

Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, is a core negative symptom of schizophrenia and is one of the strongest predictors for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, much is unknown about the processes that underlie social behavior in individuals with social anhedonia. The current study examined differences in social skillfulness, social functioning, and social cognition between these individuals and controls using a simulated live interaction, self-report measures, and assessments of social cognition. Results showed that, compared to controls, individuals with social anhedonia (1) reported lower levels of social functioning and social support, (2) were rated as having poorer overall social skill and affiliation, but (3) did not differ on three assessments of social cognition. Thus, social cognitive processes do not appear to explain the social deficits seen in individuals with social anhedonia, and future research ought to examine the role of other domains such as emotion or motivation

“Did You Eat?”: A Cross-Cultural and Comparative Ethnography of Chinese and Korean Food in Flushing, New York

Culinary offerings in New York represent a diverse spectrum of cultures. In the city, Flushing is known specifically for its Chinese and Korean restaurants and cafes. When faced with so many choices of what to eat in the neighborhood, we are curious as to why one may be preferred over the other. We suspect that individuals frequently make selections driven by their predispositions and preconceived ideas about the broader cultural associations linked to the cuisine. To better understand this, we conducted a cross-cultural and comparative ethnography of the Chinese and Korean food establishments, utilizing a combination of observations and open-ended interviews. Despite both being East Asian cuisines, the degree of acceptance they receive in the United States differs. Throughout our research, we unravel the nuanced dynamics of consumer perceptions surrounding Chinese and Korean cuisine, exploring historical trajectories, cultural narratives, and societal attitudes. The core of our paper covers three central themes: what food is meant for, how food has changed, and how food is now perceived. We aim to reveal the complicated conceptual and experiential milieu of the contemporary U.S. for producing particular attitudes towards Asian Americans. We highlight food’s role in preserving cultural identity, gentrification, authenticity as an imagined standard, and the way cuisines interact with the standards imposed upon them

Stoichiometry control of magnetron sputtered Bi2_2Sr2_2Ca1−x_{1-x}Yx_xCu2_2Oy_y (0≤\lex≤\le0.5) thin film, composition spread libraries: Substrate bias and gas density factors

A magnetron sputtering method for the production of thin-film libraries with a spatially varying composition, x, in Bi2Sr2Ca1-xYxCu2Oy (0<=x<=0.5) has been developed. Two targets with a composition of Bi2Sr2YCu2O_{8.5 + \delta} and Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_{8 + \delta} are co-sputtered with appropriate masks. The target masks produce a linear variation in opposite, but co-linear radial direction, and the rotation speed of the substrate table is sufficient to intimately mix the atoms. EDS/WDS composition studies of the films show a depletion of Sr and Bi that is due to oxygen anion resputtering. The depletion is most pronounced at the centre of the film (i.e. on-axis with the target) and falls off symmetrically to either side of the 75 mm substrate. At either edge of the film the stoichiometry matches the desired ratios. Using a 12 mTorr process gas of argon and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio, the strontium depletion is corrected. The bismuth depletion is eliminated by employing a rotating carbon brush apparatus which supplies a -20 V DC bias to the sample substrate. The negative substrate bias has been used successfully with an increased chamber pressure to eliminate the resputtering effect across the film. The result is a thin film composition spread library with the desired stoichiometry.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables, submitted to Physica C - Superconductivity (April 15, 2005), elsart.st

Occupational Therapists\u27 Perceptions of Sensory Processing Evaluation Methods

Background: This study aimed to obtain occupational therapists’ (OTs) experiences and perspectives on current evaluation tools who work with clients with sensory processing challenges in their clinical settings. Method: This research was a mixed-method study. Data was collected from surveys (n = 11) which had a mix of nominal, interval, close-ended, and open-ended questions. Following survey completion, participants were given the option to complete a semi-structured interview (n = 2) consisting of open-ended questions to clarify survey responses and gather additional information about their experiences. Results: The results indicated a high number of various barriers and limitations found in both the current sensory-based evaluation and assessment tools. In both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the evaluation setting had three major subthemes: time factor (100%), client factor (72.7%), and environmental factor (27.3%). Participants also revealed a lack of neurodiversity (81.8%), strength-based (27.3%), and normative criteria-based (72.7%) assessment tools in current clinical settings. High utilization of collaboration and support were also noted. Interprofessional team (54.6%) and mentor/supervisor (63.6%) would always connect and support their evaluation process, whereas caregivers (72.7%) would occasionally collaborate and be included (45.5%) within the evaluation process. Conclusion: Evaluating and assessing clients with sensory processing challenges is a complex process and does not fit inside a structured rigid medical model. OTs need high support to better assist their clients and caregivers.https://soar.usa.edu/otdcapstonessummer2023/1029/thumbnail.jp

Family affairs: cohabitation, marriage and the law

The findings of a project on marriage and cohabitation, which included a module of questions in the British Social Attitudes Survey 2001.Nuffield Foundatio

The Role of Occupational Therapy in Promoting Lifestyle Balance for Sex Trafficking Survivors

As of 2016, there is an estimated 35.8 million people who are victims of human trafficking (Gorman & Hatkevich, 2016). There are overwhelming and lasting effects that human trafficking survivors and their families face such as mental, physical, social, and economic challenges (Rajaram & Tidball, 2018). The purpose of this project is to utilize an occupational therapy lens to evaluate the needs of human trafficking survivors to promote community reintegration, while considering their roles, routines, and significant occupations and how these may have been disrupted by their lived experience as survivors. Observations of the established programming and the participants over 4 months, informal interviews with staff and participants, education through weekly life skills classes, concept mapping, and discussions on occupations were made as part of the needs assessment. Participants reported struggling in eight out of nine areas of occupation outlined in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 4th edition (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2020). Several themes were found in the needs assessment: a need for support in self-care, areas of desired skill development, improved social participation, and other areas of occupation. However, the main theme found in the needs assessment is that participants had difficulty balancing all the important activities in their lives, which has impacted their ability to reintegrate into the community. An eight-week “Lifestyle Balance” program was designed with a four-week focus on foundational skills that promote lifestyle balance followed by four weeks of sessions on specific occupations in which participants mainly engage. This project allows for another step for occupational therapy as a field to expand into an emerging area of practice. Currently, there is limited support for occupational therapists (OTs) working with human trafficking survivors even though they are particularly skilled to address the barriers that this population faces. As demonstrated by this project, OTs can provide meaningful and effective services for sex trafficking survivors. Further research and program development should be conducted to continue to provide evidence-based practice for OTs working with this population and establish it as a consistent area of practice. As of 2016, there is an estimated 35.8 million people who are victims of human trafficking (Gorman & Hatkevich, 2016). There are overwhelming and lasting effects that human trafficking survivors and their families face such as mental, physical, social, and economic challenges (Rajaram & Tidball, 2018). The purpose of this project is to utilize an occupational therapy lens to evaluate the needs of human trafficking survivors to promote community reintegration, while considering their roles, routines, and significant occupations and how these may have been disrupted by their lived experience as survivors. Observations of the established programming and the participants over 4 months, informal interviews with staff and participants, education through weekly life skills classes, concept mapping, and discussions on occupations were made as part of the needs assessment. Participants reported struggling in eight out of nine areas of occupation outlined in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 4th edition (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2020). Several themes were found in the needs assessment: a need for support in self-care, areas of desired skill development, improved social participation, and other areas of occupation. However, the main theme found in the needs assessment is that participants had difficulty balancing all the important activities in their lives, which has impacted their ability to reintegrate into the community. An eight-week “Lifestyle Balance” program was designed with a four-week focus on foundational skills that promote lifestyle balance followed by four weeks of sessions on specific occupations in which participants mainly engage. This project allows for another step for occupational therapy as a field to expand into an emerging area of practice. Currently, there is limited support for occupational therapists (OTs) working with human trafficking survivors even though they are particularly skilled to address the barriers that this population faces. As demonstrated by this project, OTs can provide meaningful and effective services for sex trafficking survivors. Further research and program development should be conducted to continue to provide evidence-based practice for OTs working with this population and establish it as a consistent area of practice.https://soar.usa.edu/otdcapstonessummer2021/1018/thumbnail.jp