Morphological, Functional and Dynamic Asymmetry in Male and Female Judokas : Doctoral Thesis

Osnovni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi morfološku, funkcionalnu i dinamičku asimetriju kod judaša i judašica različite natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti. Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavalo je 38 judaša prosječne dobi od 22.1±2.6 godine, i 28 judašica prosječne dobi od 21.0±2.3 godine mlađeg seniorskog i seniorskog uzrasta. Oba uzorka ispitanika su podijeljena u dvije skupine s obzirom na natjecateljsku uspješnost i tehničku uspješnost. Natjecateljska uspješnost je utvrđena putem službene rang liste Hrvatskog judo saveza, a tehnička uspješnost putem ekspertnog mišljenja trojice trenera-izbornika. Uzorak varijabli sačinjavalo su 22 testa koja su podijeljena u tri skupine: za procjenu morfološke asimetrije primijenjeno je 11 antropometrijskih karakteristika (morfoloških mjera) koje su se mjerile na lijevoj i desnoj strani tijela, za procjenu funkcionalne asimetrije primijenjena su 2 testa koja procjenjuju spretnost ruke, te za procjenu dinamičke asimetrije primijenjeno je 9 motoričkih testova, od kojih su dva novo-konstruirana, izmjerenih posebno na lijevoj i posebno na desnoj strani tijela. Koeficijenti asimetrije u svim varijablama, osim varijabli EHI , izračunati su temeljem matematičke jednadžbe. Za utvrđivanje postavljenih ciljeva i ispitivanje hipoteza ovog rada korištene su sljedeće metode obrade podataka: utvrdili su se deskriptivni i distribucijski statistički parametri za sve varijable, metrijske karakteristike novokonstruiranog upitnika i testova (Cronbach alfa, Inter-item interkorelacija, Test-retest), T-test, diskriminacijska analiza, faktorska analiza. Glavna saznanja ovog rada su: 1) morfološka asimetrija: utvrđene su razlike u nekim koeficijentima za procjenu morfološke asimetrije između četiri sub-uzorka judaša i judašica koji su dobiveni putem kriterija natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti. Radilo se o statistički značajnim razlikama u koeficijentima za procjenu asimetrije u opsegu lijeve i desne nadlaktice u kontrakciji (KA AONF), te u opsegu lijevog i desnog ručnog zgloba (KA AORZ) na sub-uzorcima manje uspješnih judaša i manje uspješnih judašica i manje kvalitetnih judaša i manje kvalitetnih judašica. Na uzorku judaša, primijenjenom faktorskom analizom, dobivene su po tri latentne dimenzije na lijevoj i desnoj strani tijela, dok su na uzorku judašica, dobivene po dvije latentne dimenzije. Diskriminacijskim analizama utvrđeno je razlikovanje u morfološkim latentnim strukturama lijeve i desne strane tijela samo između sub-uzorka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša na obje strane tijela, gdje razlikovanju najviše doprinose latentne dimenzije volumena lijeve i desne strane tijela (VOLUML - faktor volumena lijeve strane tijela i VOLUMD - faktor volumena desne strane tijela). 2) funkcionalna asimetrija: između sub-uzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša utvrđene su razlike u jednom koeficijentu za procjenu funkcionalne asimetrije KA EHI (razlika u preferiranju lijeve i desne ruke). Na svim ostalim subuzorcima koji su se dobili putem natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti, nije utvrđeno razlikovanje u primijenjenim varijablama procjenu spretnosti lijeve i desne ruke. 3) dinamička asimetrija: utvrđene su razlike u nekim koeficijentima za procjenu dinamičke asimetrije između svih sub-uzoraka koji su dobiveni putem kriterija natjecateljske uspješnosti, dok na četiri sub-uzorka dobivenih putem kriterija tehničke uspješnosti te razlike dobivene su između samo dva sub-uzorka. Varijabla KA MIUSD (razlika u izdržaju nogom u sjedu između lijeve i desne noge) diferencira međusobno sve subuzorke dobivene prema kriteriju natjecateljske uspješnosti. Uz varijablu KA MIUSD, diferencijaciji između promatranih sub-uzoraka pridonose i varijable KA MCJN (razlika u broju čučnjeva između lijeve i desne noge), KA MTAR (razlika u broju udaraca na ploču između lijeve i desne ruke), KA MTAN (razlika u broju udaraca na ploču između lijeve i desne noge), KA MMDS (razlika u maksimalnoj dinamometrijskoj sili između lijeve i desne ruke), KA MSUDJ (razlika u duljini skoka u dalj između lijeve i desne noge), KA MBK (razlika u duljini bacanja kugle između lijeve i desne strane tijela). Na uzorku judaša, primijenjenom faktorskom analizom, dobivene su dvije latentne dimenzije na lijevoj, te tri latentne dimenzije na desnoj strani tijela, dok su na uzorku judašica, dobivene po dvije latentne dimenzije. Utvrđene su razlike u motoričkoj latentnoj dimneziji FREKVL (faktor brzine frekvencije pokreta lijeve strane tijela) između sub-uzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša, te u latentnoj dimenziji GENMOTD (faktor generalne motorike donjih desnih ekstremiteta) između subuzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih, te kvalitetnih i manje kvalitetnih judašica.The main aim of this study was to determine the morphological, functional and dynamic asymmetry in male and female judokas of different competitive and technical success. The sample included 38 male judokas approximately aged of 22.1 ± 2.6, and 28 female judokas approximately aged 21.0 ± 2.3. Both samples of respondents were divided in two groups with respect to competitive success and technical success. Performance success was determined by official rankings of the Croatian Judo Federation, and technical success was established through expert opinions of three national coaches. The sample of variables consisted of 22 tests divided in three groups: 11 anthropometric characteristics (morphological measurements) measured on the left and the right side of the body were applied for the assessment of morphological asymmetry, two tests assessing skills of hands were applied to assess the functional asymmetry and 9 motor tests were applied for assessment of dynamic asymmetry, whereas two are newly constructed and are used for measurements on both the left and the right side of the body. The asymmetry coefficients of all variables, except variables EHI, were calculated on the basis of mathematical equations. In order to determine the objectives and to test the hypotheses of this study, the following methods of data processing were used: descriptive and statistical distribution parameters for all variables were determined as well as metric characteristics of the newly-constructed questionnaire and tests (Cronbach’s alpha, Inter-item intercorrelation, Test-retest) Ttest, discriminant analysis, factor analysis. The main findings of the study are 1) morphological asymmetry: differences in some coefficients for assessment of morphological asymmetry between the four sub-sample of male and female judokas obtained through criteria of competitive and technical success were found. This was a statistically significant difference in the coefficients for assessment of asymmetry in the left and the right upper arm circumference in contraction (KA AONF), and in the left and the right wrist circumference (KA AORZ) on sub-samples of less successful male judokas and less successful female judokas and lower in quality male judokas and lower in quality female judokas. After applying the factor analysis, three latent dimensions of the left and the right side of the body were obtained in the sample of male judokas, whereas two latent dimensions were obtained in each sample of female judokas. Discriminant analysis indicated morphological differentiation of latent structures of the left and the right side of the body only in the sub-sample of successful and less successful judokas on both sides of the body was found, whereas the distinction is mostly contributed by latent dimensions of the volume of the left and the right side of the body (VOLUML - factor volume of the left side of the body and VOLUMD - factor volume of the right side of the body). 2) functional asymmetry: between the subsamples of successful and less successful male judokas the differences were determined in a single coefficient for assessment of functional asymmetry KA EHI (difference in preference of the left or the right hand). In all other sub-samples obtained by the use of competitive and technical success criteria no significant differences were found in applied variables handedness assessment. 3) dynamic asymmetry: differences in certain coefficients for assessment of dynamic asymmetry between all sub-samples which were obtained through competitive success criteria were found, whereas in four sub-samples obtained by the criteria of technical success these differences were obtained only between two sub-samples. Variable KA MIUSD (difference withstand foot in sits between the left and the right leg) differentiated all the sub-samples obtained according to the criteria of competitive success. Variable KA MIUSD contributes to differentiation between the observed sub-samples as well as variables KA MCJN (the difference in the number of squats between the left and right legs), KA MTAR (the difference in the number of strikes on the board between the left and right hand), KA MTAN (difference in number of strikes to the plate between the left and the right leg), KA MMDS (difference in maximum dynamometric force between the left and the right hand), KA MSUDJ (difference in the length of the long jump between the left and the right leg), KA MBK (difference in the shot put length between the left and the right side of the body). Application of factor analysis resulted in two latent dimensions obtained on the left, and three latent dimensions on the right side of the body in the sample of male judokas, while two latent dimensions were obtained in the sample of female judokas. Differences were determined in motor latent dimension FREKVL (factor of frequency movement from the left side of the body) between the sub-samples of successful and less successful male judokas, as well as in the latent dimension GENMOTD (factor General kinesiology lower right limb) between the sub-samples of successful and less successful, and quality and less quality female judokas

Morphological, Functional and Dynamic Asymmetry in Male and Female Judokas : Doctoral Thesis

Osnovni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi morfološku, funkcionalnu i dinamičku asimetriju kod judaša i judašica različite natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti. Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavalo je 38 judaša prosječne dobi od 22.1±2.6 godine, i 28 judašica prosječne dobi od 21.0±2.3 godine mlađeg seniorskog i seniorskog uzrasta. Oba uzorka ispitanika su podijeljena u dvije skupine s obzirom na natjecateljsku uspješnost i tehničku uspješnost. Natjecateljska uspješnost je utvrđena putem službene rang liste Hrvatskog judo saveza, a tehnička uspješnost putem ekspertnog mišljenja trojice trenera-izbornika. Uzorak varijabli sačinjavalo su 22 testa koja su podijeljena u tri skupine: za procjenu morfološke asimetrije primijenjeno je 11 antropometrijskih karakteristika (morfoloških mjera) koje su se mjerile na lijevoj i desnoj strani tijela, za procjenu funkcionalne asimetrije primijenjena su 2 testa koja procjenjuju spretnost ruke, te za procjenu dinamičke asimetrije primijenjeno je 9 motoričkih testova, od kojih su dva novo-konstruirana, izmjerenih posebno na lijevoj i posebno na desnoj strani tijela. Koeficijenti asimetrije u svim varijablama, osim varijabli EHI , izračunati su temeljem matematičke jednadžbe. Za utvrđivanje postavljenih ciljeva i ispitivanje hipoteza ovog rada korištene su sljedeće metode obrade podataka: utvrdili su se deskriptivni i distribucijski statistički parametri za sve varijable, metrijske karakteristike novokonstruiranog upitnika i testova (Cronbach alfa, Inter-item interkorelacija, Test-retest), T-test, diskriminacijska analiza, faktorska analiza. Glavna saznanja ovog rada su: 1) morfološka asimetrija: utvrđene su razlike u nekim koeficijentima za procjenu morfološke asimetrije između četiri sub-uzorka judaša i judašica koji su dobiveni putem kriterija natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti. Radilo se o statistički značajnim razlikama u koeficijentima za procjenu asimetrije u opsegu lijeve i desne nadlaktice u kontrakciji (KA AONF), te u opsegu lijevog i desnog ručnog zgloba (KA AORZ) na sub-uzorcima manje uspješnih judaša i manje uspješnih judašica i manje kvalitetnih judaša i manje kvalitetnih judašica. Na uzorku judaša, primijenjenom faktorskom analizom, dobivene su po tri latentne dimenzije na lijevoj i desnoj strani tijela, dok su na uzorku judašica, dobivene po dvije latentne dimenzije. Diskriminacijskim analizama utvrđeno je razlikovanje u morfološkim latentnim strukturama lijeve i desne strane tijela samo između sub-uzorka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša na obje strane tijela, gdje razlikovanju najviše doprinose latentne dimenzije volumena lijeve i desne strane tijela (VOLUML - faktor volumena lijeve strane tijela i VOLUMD - faktor volumena desne strane tijela). 2) funkcionalna asimetrija: između sub-uzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša utvrđene su razlike u jednom koeficijentu za procjenu funkcionalne asimetrije KA EHI (razlika u preferiranju lijeve i desne ruke). Na svim ostalim subuzorcima koji su se dobili putem natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti, nije utvrđeno razlikovanje u primijenjenim varijablama procjenu spretnosti lijeve i desne ruke. 3) dinamička asimetrija: utvrđene su razlike u nekim koeficijentima za procjenu dinamičke asimetrije između svih sub-uzoraka koji su dobiveni putem kriterija natjecateljske uspješnosti, dok na četiri sub-uzorka dobivenih putem kriterija tehničke uspješnosti te razlike dobivene su između samo dva sub-uzorka. Varijabla KA MIUSD (razlika u izdržaju nogom u sjedu između lijeve i desne noge) diferencira međusobno sve subuzorke dobivene prema kriteriju natjecateljske uspješnosti. Uz varijablu KA MIUSD, diferencijaciji između promatranih sub-uzoraka pridonose i varijable KA MCJN (razlika u broju čučnjeva između lijeve i desne noge), KA MTAR (razlika u broju udaraca na ploču između lijeve i desne ruke), KA MTAN (razlika u broju udaraca na ploču između lijeve i desne noge), KA MMDS (razlika u maksimalnoj dinamometrijskoj sili između lijeve i desne ruke), KA MSUDJ (razlika u duljini skoka u dalj između lijeve i desne noge), KA MBK (razlika u duljini bacanja kugle između lijeve i desne strane tijela). Na uzorku judaša, primijenjenom faktorskom analizom, dobivene su dvije latentne dimenzije na lijevoj, te tri latentne dimenzije na desnoj strani tijela, dok su na uzorku judašica, dobivene po dvije latentne dimenzije. Utvrđene su razlike u motoričkoj latentnoj dimneziji FREKVL (faktor brzine frekvencije pokreta lijeve strane tijela) između sub-uzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša, te u latentnoj dimenziji GENMOTD (faktor generalne motorike donjih desnih ekstremiteta) između subuzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih, te kvalitetnih i manje kvalitetnih judašica.The main aim of this study was to determine the morphological, functional and dynamic asymmetry in male and female judokas of different competitive and technical success. The sample included 38 male judokas approximately aged of 22.1 ± 2.6, and 28 female judokas approximately aged 21.0 ± 2.3. Both samples of respondents were divided in two groups with respect to competitive success and technical success. Performance success was determined by official rankings of the Croatian Judo Federation, and technical success was established through expert opinions of three national coaches. The sample of variables consisted of 22 tests divided in three groups: 11 anthropometric characteristics (morphological measurements) measured on the left and the right side of the body were applied for the assessment of morphological asymmetry, two tests assessing skills of hands were applied to assess the functional asymmetry and 9 motor tests were applied for assessment of dynamic asymmetry, whereas two are newly constructed and are used for measurements on both the left and the right side of the body. The asymmetry coefficients of all variables, except variables EHI, were calculated on the basis of mathematical equations. In order to determine the objectives and to test the hypotheses of this study, the following methods of data processing were used: descriptive and statistical distribution parameters for all variables were determined as well as metric characteristics of the newly-constructed questionnaire and tests (Cronbach’s alpha, Inter-item intercorrelation, Test-retest) Ttest, discriminant analysis, factor analysis. The main findings of the study are 1) morphological asymmetry: differences in some coefficients for assessment of morphological asymmetry between the four sub-sample of male and female judokas obtained through criteria of competitive and technical success were found. This was a statistically significant difference in the coefficients for assessment of asymmetry in the left and the right upper arm circumference in contraction (KA AONF), and in the left and the right wrist circumference (KA AORZ) on sub-samples of less successful male judokas and less successful female judokas and lower in quality male judokas and lower in quality female judokas. After applying the factor analysis, three latent dimensions of the left and the right side of the body were obtained in the sample of male judokas, whereas two latent dimensions were obtained in each sample of female judokas. Discriminant analysis indicated morphological differentiation of latent structures of the left and the right side of the body only in the sub-sample of successful and less successful judokas on both sides of the body was found, whereas the distinction is mostly contributed by latent dimensions of the volume of the left and the right side of the body (VOLUML - factor volume of the left side of the body and VOLUMD - factor volume of the right side of the body). 2) functional asymmetry: between the subsamples of successful and less successful male judokas the differences were determined in a single coefficient for assessment of functional asymmetry KA EHI (difference in preference of the left or the right hand). In all other sub-samples obtained by the use of competitive and technical success criteria no significant differences were found in applied variables handedness assessment. 3) dynamic asymmetry: differences in certain coefficients for assessment of dynamic asymmetry between all sub-samples which were obtained through competitive success criteria were found, whereas in four sub-samples obtained by the criteria of technical success these differences were obtained only between two sub-samples. Variable KA MIUSD (difference withstand foot in sits between the left and the right leg) differentiated all the sub-samples obtained according to the criteria of competitive success. Variable KA MIUSD contributes to differentiation between the observed sub-samples as well as variables KA MCJN (the difference in the number of squats between the left and right legs), KA MTAR (the difference in the number of strikes on the board between the left and right hand), KA MTAN (difference in number of strikes to the plate between the left and the right leg), KA MMDS (difference in maximum dynamometric force between the left and the right hand), KA MSUDJ (difference in the length of the long jump between the left and the right leg), KA MBK (difference in the shot put length between the left and the right side of the body). Application of factor analysis resulted in two latent dimensions obtained on the left, and three latent dimensions on the right side of the body in the sample of male judokas, while two latent dimensions were obtained in the sample of female judokas. Differences were determined in motor latent dimension FREKVL (factor of frequency movement from the left side of the body) between the sub-samples of successful and less successful male judokas, as well as in the latent dimension GENMOTD (factor General kinesiology lower right limb) between the sub-samples of successful and less successful, and quality and less quality female judokas

Morphological, Functional and Dynamic Asymmetry in Male and Female Judokas : Doctoral Thesis

Osnovni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi morfološku, funkcionalnu i dinamičku asimetriju kod judaša i judašica različite natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti. Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavalo je 38 judaša prosječne dobi od 22.1±2.6 godine, i 28 judašica prosječne dobi od 21.0±2.3 godine mlađeg seniorskog i seniorskog uzrasta. Oba uzorka ispitanika su podijeljena u dvije skupine s obzirom na natjecateljsku uspješnost i tehničku uspješnost. Natjecateljska uspješnost je utvrđena putem službene rang liste Hrvatskog judo saveza, a tehnička uspješnost putem ekspertnog mišljenja trojice trenera-izbornika. Uzorak varijabli sačinjavalo su 22 testa koja su podijeljena u tri skupine: za procjenu morfološke asimetrije primijenjeno je 11 antropometrijskih karakteristika (morfoloških mjera) koje su se mjerile na lijevoj i desnoj strani tijela, za procjenu funkcionalne asimetrije primijenjena su 2 testa koja procjenjuju spretnost ruke, te za procjenu dinamičke asimetrije primijenjeno je 9 motoričkih testova, od kojih su dva novo-konstruirana, izmjerenih posebno na lijevoj i posebno na desnoj strani tijela. Koeficijenti asimetrije u svim varijablama, osim varijabli EHI , izračunati su temeljem matematičke jednadžbe. Za utvrđivanje postavljenih ciljeva i ispitivanje hipoteza ovog rada korištene su sljedeće metode obrade podataka: utvrdili su se deskriptivni i distribucijski statistički parametri za sve varijable, metrijske karakteristike novokonstruiranog upitnika i testova (Cronbach alfa, Inter-item interkorelacija, Test-retest), T-test, diskriminacijska analiza, faktorska analiza. Glavna saznanja ovog rada su: 1) morfološka asimetrija: utvrđene su razlike u nekim koeficijentima za procjenu morfološke asimetrije između četiri sub-uzorka judaša i judašica koji su dobiveni putem kriterija natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti. Radilo se o statistički značajnim razlikama u koeficijentima za procjenu asimetrije u opsegu lijeve i desne nadlaktice u kontrakciji (KA AONF), te u opsegu lijevog i desnog ručnog zgloba (KA AORZ) na sub-uzorcima manje uspješnih judaša i manje uspješnih judašica i manje kvalitetnih judaša i manje kvalitetnih judašica. Na uzorku judaša, primijenjenom faktorskom analizom, dobivene su po tri latentne dimenzije na lijevoj i desnoj strani tijela, dok su na uzorku judašica, dobivene po dvije latentne dimenzije. Diskriminacijskim analizama utvrđeno je razlikovanje u morfološkim latentnim strukturama lijeve i desne strane tijela samo između sub-uzorka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša na obje strane tijela, gdje razlikovanju najviše doprinose latentne dimenzije volumena lijeve i desne strane tijela (VOLUML - faktor volumena lijeve strane tijela i VOLUMD - faktor volumena desne strane tijela). 2) funkcionalna asimetrija: između sub-uzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša utvrđene su razlike u jednom koeficijentu za procjenu funkcionalne asimetrije KA EHI (razlika u preferiranju lijeve i desne ruke). Na svim ostalim subuzorcima koji su se dobili putem natjecateljske i tehničke uspješnosti, nije utvrđeno razlikovanje u primijenjenim varijablama procjenu spretnosti lijeve i desne ruke. 3) dinamička asimetrija: utvrđene su razlike u nekim koeficijentima za procjenu dinamičke asimetrije između svih sub-uzoraka koji su dobiveni putem kriterija natjecateljske uspješnosti, dok na četiri sub-uzorka dobivenih putem kriterija tehničke uspješnosti te razlike dobivene su između samo dva sub-uzorka. Varijabla KA MIUSD (razlika u izdržaju nogom u sjedu između lijeve i desne noge) diferencira međusobno sve subuzorke dobivene prema kriteriju natjecateljske uspješnosti. Uz varijablu KA MIUSD, diferencijaciji između promatranih sub-uzoraka pridonose i varijable KA MCJN (razlika u broju čučnjeva između lijeve i desne noge), KA MTAR (razlika u broju udaraca na ploču između lijeve i desne ruke), KA MTAN (razlika u broju udaraca na ploču između lijeve i desne noge), KA MMDS (razlika u maksimalnoj dinamometrijskoj sili između lijeve i desne ruke), KA MSUDJ (razlika u duljini skoka u dalj između lijeve i desne noge), KA MBK (razlika u duljini bacanja kugle između lijeve i desne strane tijela). Na uzorku judaša, primijenjenom faktorskom analizom, dobivene su dvije latentne dimenzije na lijevoj, te tri latentne dimenzije na desnoj strani tijela, dok su na uzorku judašica, dobivene po dvije latentne dimenzije. Utvrđene su razlike u motoričkoj latentnoj dimneziji FREKVL (faktor brzine frekvencije pokreta lijeve strane tijela) između sub-uzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih judaša, te u latentnoj dimenziji GENMOTD (faktor generalne motorike donjih desnih ekstremiteta) između subuzoraka uspješnih i manje uspješnih, te kvalitetnih i manje kvalitetnih judašica.The main aim of this study was to determine the morphological, functional and dynamic asymmetry in male and female judokas of different competitive and technical success. The sample included 38 male judokas approximately aged of 22.1 ± 2.6, and 28 female judokas approximately aged 21.0 ± 2.3. Both samples of respondents were divided in two groups with respect to competitive success and technical success. Performance success was determined by official rankings of the Croatian Judo Federation, and technical success was established through expert opinions of three national coaches. The sample of variables consisted of 22 tests divided in three groups: 11 anthropometric characteristics (morphological measurements) measured on the left and the right side of the body were applied for the assessment of morphological asymmetry, two tests assessing skills of hands were applied to assess the functional asymmetry and 9 motor tests were applied for assessment of dynamic asymmetry, whereas two are newly constructed and are used for measurements on both the left and the right side of the body. The asymmetry coefficients of all variables, except variables EHI, were calculated on the basis of mathematical equations. In order to determine the objectives and to test the hypotheses of this study, the following methods of data processing were used: descriptive and statistical distribution parameters for all variables were determined as well as metric characteristics of the newly-constructed questionnaire and tests (Cronbach’s alpha, Inter-item intercorrelation, Test-retest) Ttest, discriminant analysis, factor analysis. The main findings of the study are 1) morphological asymmetry: differences in some coefficients for assessment of morphological asymmetry between the four sub-sample of male and female judokas obtained through criteria of competitive and technical success were found. This was a statistically significant difference in the coefficients for assessment of asymmetry in the left and the right upper arm circumference in contraction (KA AONF), and in the left and the right wrist circumference (KA AORZ) on sub-samples of less successful male judokas and less successful female judokas and lower in quality male judokas and lower in quality female judokas. After applying the factor analysis, three latent dimensions of the left and the right side of the body were obtained in the sample of male judokas, whereas two latent dimensions were obtained in each sample of female judokas. Discriminant analysis indicated morphological differentiation of latent structures of the left and the right side of the body only in the sub-sample of successful and less successful judokas on both sides of the body was found, whereas the distinction is mostly contributed by latent dimensions of the volume of the left and the right side of the body (VOLUML - factor volume of the left side of the body and VOLUMD - factor volume of the right side of the body). 2) functional asymmetry: between the subsamples of successful and less successful male judokas the differences were determined in a single coefficient for assessment of functional asymmetry KA EHI (difference in preference of the left or the right hand). In all other sub-samples obtained by the use of competitive and technical success criteria no significant differences were found in applied variables handedness assessment. 3) dynamic asymmetry: differences in certain coefficients for assessment of dynamic asymmetry between all sub-samples which were obtained through competitive success criteria were found, whereas in four sub-samples obtained by the criteria of technical success these differences were obtained only between two sub-samples. Variable KA MIUSD (difference withstand foot in sits between the left and the right leg) differentiated all the sub-samples obtained according to the criteria of competitive success. Variable KA MIUSD contributes to differentiation between the observed sub-samples as well as variables KA MCJN (the difference in the number of squats between the left and right legs), KA MTAR (the difference in the number of strikes on the board between the left and right hand), KA MTAN (difference in number of strikes to the plate between the left and the right leg), KA MMDS (difference in maximum dynamometric force between the left and the right hand), KA MSUDJ (difference in the length of the long jump between the left and the right leg), KA MBK (difference in the shot put length between the left and the right side of the body). Application of factor analysis resulted in two latent dimensions obtained on the left, and three latent dimensions on the right side of the body in the sample of male judokas, while two latent dimensions were obtained in the sample of female judokas. Differences were determined in motor latent dimension FREKVL (factor of frequency movement from the left side of the body) between the sub-samples of successful and less successful male judokas, as well as in the latent dimension GENMOTD (factor General kinesiology lower right limb) between the sub-samples of successful and less successful, and quality and less quality female judokas

New Specific Kinesthetic Differentiation Tests for Female Volleyball Players: Reliability, Discriminative Ability, and Usefulness

This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability and discriminative ability of five sport-specific kinesthetic differentiation ability tests in female volleyball players. The sample of participants consisted of 98 female volleyball players aged 15.20 ± 1 years from six clubs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kinesthetic differentiation ability was determined by the overhead passing test, forearm passing test, float service with a net test, float service without a net test, and float service 6 m from the net test. To estimate test-retest reliability, a sub-sample of 13 players performed all tests on two testing occasions. Furthermore, the discriminative ability of the tests was determined by analyzing the performance between players of different playing positions and situational performances. Parameters of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were excellent (0.87–0.78) in all tests except for the float service with the net test, whose reliability was good (0.66). For the absolute reliability estimates, the SEM was higher than SWC (0.2) for all variables except the float service 6 m from the net test, and the SEM was lower than SWC (0.6, 1.2). One-way ANOVA detected no statistically significant inter-positional differences in all five tests (p > 0.05). A significant difference was found between less and more successful players (p < 0.01) for all applied tests. The results of this study show that a specific battery test is a reliable and valid measure and can be used to monitor kinesthetic differentiation ability in young female volleyball players

Comment #2 on "Differences in Ventilatory Threshold for Exercise Prescription in Outpatient Diabetic and Sarcopenic Obese Subjects"

Comment on: Differences in Ventilatory Threshold for Exercise Prescription in Outpatient Diabetic and Sarcopenic Obese Subjects. [Int J Endocrinol. 2016