Physical Fitness of Soldiers - Kinesiological and Anthropological Analysis : Undergraduate Thesis

Profesionalni vojnik, ročni vojnik, pričuvnik ili građanska osoba ima za temeljnu zadaću braniti svoju domovinu, svoju obitelj , svoj život. U vrijeme ugroze ili nepogode u obavljanju temeljne zadaće mora biti obučen, opremljen i zdrav. Sustavnim vježbanjem s adekvatnim programima i kineziološkima operatorima podiže zdravstveni status organizma i profesionalne sposobnosti na optimalnu razinu. Jedno od temeljnih ciljeva strategije razvoja hrvatskog društva, stvaraju zdrave i sposobne populacije hrvatskih građana, ako sustavno društvo pripremimo i educiramo da svjesno i aktivno sudjeluju u vremenima gdje opasnosti vrebaju pogotovo mlade osobe, zbog nedostatka zdravih i korisnih sadržaja u slobodno vrijeme. U duhu tjelovježbe, rekreacije i sporta sudionici se ne odlučuju za povećanu potrošnju alkohola, nikotina te konzumiranje opojnih droga. Zdravstveni status pripadnika OS i sposobnosti moraju biti na visokoj razini da bi bez opasnosti po svoje i tuđe zdravlje mogao obavljati temeljnu zadaću. Proglasiti vojnika zdravim ako je odsustvu je pogubno i neodgovorno. Status zdravog čovjeka ne može proglašen vojnik niti jedna osoba koja nije u stanju , svojim antropološkim karakteristikama i sposobnostima, obavljati svakodnevne zadaće ili izvanredne zadaće pod povećanim opterećenjem. Ovaj rad istražuje kondicijsku pripremljenost vojnika kroz kineziološku i antropološku analizu, s ciljem razumijevanja faktora koji utječu na njihovu fizičku spremnost i borbenu učinkovitost , uz oslanjanje na vojne doktrine i studije.. Kineziološki aspekt usmjeren je na procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti, dok antropološka analiza obuhvaća morfološke, fiziološke i sociokulturne dimenzije. Istraživanje koristi kvantitativne metode, uključujući testiranje fizičkih sposobnosti i antropometrijska mjerenja, na uzorku vojnika.The primary duty of a professional soldier, conscript, reservist, or civilian is to protect their homeland, family, and life. To effectively carry out this role during times of threat or disaster, they must be well-trained, properly equipped, and in good health. Through systematic training with tailored programs and kinesiological operators, a soldier’s health and professional capabilities are elevated to an optimal level. A key goal of Croatian societal development is to foster a healthy and capable population. By systematically preparing and educating citizens to actively and consciously engage during challenging times, particularly young people who are at risk due to a lack of healthy and constructive leisure activities, this objective can be achieved. Engagement in physical exercise, recreation, and sports reduces the likelihood of excessive alcohol, nicotine, or drug consumption. The health and abilities of armed forces personnel must be maintained at a high level to ensure they can perform their duties without endangering their own or others’ health. Declaring a soldier healthy without proper evaluation is reckless and irresponsible. A person cannot be considered healthy, not can a soldier be deemed fit, if their anthropological characteristics and capabilities prevent them from performing daily or extraordinary tasks under increased stress. This study investigates soldiers’ physical fitness through kinesiological and anthropological analysis to understand factors influencing their physical readiness and combat effectiveness, drawing on military doctrines and studies. The kinesiological focus is on evaluating motor abilities, while the anthropological analysis covers morphological, physiological, and sociocultural dimensions. The research employs quantitative methods, including physical ability tests and anthropometric measurements, conducted on a sample of soldiers

Speed and Power Abilities Comparison of Youth Soccer Players With Different Number of Weekly Training Sessions : Master's Thesis

Od ukupnog uzorka od 56 mladih nogometaša pokušalo se utvrditi postoje li značajne razlike u brzini i eksplozivnoj snazi između djece koja treniraju 3 i 4 puta tjedno. Prva skupina djece koja trenira 3 puta na tjedan su iz BŠK Zmaja (n=18) i NK Hajduka iz Vele Luke (n=12). Druga skupina djece su iz GOŠK-a iz Kaštel Gomilice (n=26) koji imaju treninge 4 puta na tjedan. Testovi koji su bili reprezentanti navedenih sposobnosti su: skok u dalj s mjesta, skok u vis (Sargent test), bacanje medicinke, sprint na 5 i 20 metara i sprint na 20 metara s loptom. Antropometrijske karakteristike koje su bile izmjerene su tjelesna visina (ATV), tjelesna masa (ATM) i indeks tjelesne mase (BMI). Nakon provedenih testova podaci su statistički obrađeni kroz osnovne deskriptivne parametre te se T-testom za nezavisne uzorke htjelo utvrditi postoje li značajne razlike između dviju navedenih skupina. T-test je ukazao da su djeca iz GOŠK-a signifikantno bolja u testovima sprint 20 metara (p=0,008) i skok u dalj (p=0,041), dok su u svim ostalim testovima bili također bolji, ali statistički neznačajno. Također su se značajno razlikovali u indeksu tjelesne mase (p=0,002) zbog toga što su djeca s otoka Korčule nešto niža i s većom tjelesnom masom. Ovaj podatak možemo ubrojiti kao jedan od razloga zašto su djeca iz GOŠK-a imala bolje rezultate u svim testovima. Također su uspoređene razlike između kronološke dobi i trenažne dobi djece. Uočeno je da su djeca iz otoka Korčule prosječno starija (12,72 godine) od djece iz Kaštela. Što se tiče trenažne dobi, djeca iz Kaštela imaju prosječno više trenažnog staža (6,65 godina) od djece s otoka Korčule (4,53), što se može uzeti u obzir kao još jedan od razloga razlike rezultata. Za kraj se zaključuje kako su djeca koja treniraju 4 puta na tjedan pokazala značajno bolje rezultate u testovima brzine i eksplozivne snage od djece koja treniraju 3 puta na tjedan. Ovo istraživanje može biti poticaj za daljnja istraživanja u kojima se može upotpuniti motorički i morfološki profil igrača kako bi se pronašle još neke razlike ili sličnosti.From a total sample of 56 young football players, an attempt was made to determine whether there are significant differences in speed and explosive power between children who train 3 and 4 times a week. The first group of children who train 3 times a week are from BŠK Zmaj (n=18) and NK Hajduk from Vela Luka (n=12). The second group of children are from GOŠK from Kaštel Gomilica (n=26) who have training 4 times a week. The tests that were representative of the mentioned abilities are: standing long jump, high jump (Sargent test), medicine ball throw, 5 and 20 meter sprint and 20 meter sprint with the ball. The anthropometric characteristics that were measured were body height (ATV), body mass (ATM) and body mass index (BMI). After the tests were conducted, the data were statistically processed through basic descriptive parameters and the T-test for independent samples was used to determine whether there are significant differences between the two mentioned groups. The t-test showed that children from GOŠK were significantly better in the 20-meter sprint (p=0,008) and long jump (p=0,041) tests, while they were also better in all other tests, but not statistically significant. They also differed significantly in body mass index (p=0,002) because children from the island of Korčula are somewhat shorter and have a higher body mass. This data can be considered one of the reasons why children from GOŠK had better results in all tests. The differences between the chronological age and the training age of the children were also compared. It was observed that children from the island of Korčula are on average older (12,72 years) than children from Kaštela. As for training age, children from GOŠK have on average more training experience (6,65 years) than the children from the island of Korčula, which can be considered as another reason for the difference in results. In conclusion, children who train 4 times a week showed significantly better results in speed and explosive power tests than children who train 3 times a week. This research may be an incentive for further research in which the motor and morphological profile of the players can be completed in order to find some more differences or similarities

Acute Impact of Autophagy Induced by 24-Hour Fasting on Some Motor Abilities and Biochemical Status of Recreational Athletes : Master's Thesis

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati akutni utjecaj 24-satnog posta na tri različita aspekta motorike: eksplozivnost donjih ekstemiteta, mišićnu izdržljivost donjih ekstremiteta u kontekstu eksplozivnosti te mišićnu izdržljivost gornjeg dijela tijela. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku rekreativno aktivnih ispitanika (dob: 25,1±3,5 godina; visina: 184,7±6,0cm; težina: 88,3±11,3kg) koji su sudjelovali u dvije testne sesije - jednu u stanju bez posta i drugu nakon 24-satnog posta. Eksplozivnost je mjerena pomoću countermovement jump (CMJ) testa, dok je mišićna izdržljivost u eksplozivnosti procijenjena putem repeated countermovement jump (RCMJ) testa. Opća mišićna izdržljivost procijenjena je kroz maksimalan broj sklekova izvedenih do otkaza u zadanom tempu uz pomoć metronoma. Rezultati pokazuju da 24-satni post nije imao statistički značajan negativan učinak na visinu pojedinačnog CMJ skoka, što upućuje na to da akutna gladovanja ove vrste ne narušavaju eksplozivne sposobnosti donjih ekstremiteta. Međutim, kod testa ponavljanih CMJ skokova uočen je blagi pad rezultata nakon posta, što može ukazivati na smanjenu mišićnu izdržljivost u kontekstu ponavljane eksplozivne aktivnosti. Napredak u izvedbi zabilježen je u broju izvedenih sklekova do otkaza, što sugerira da 24-satni post može imati pozitivan utjecaj na mišićnu izdržljivost, posebno u gornjem dijelu tijela. Zaključno, rezultati ovog istraživanja sugeriraju da kratkotrajni post ne utječe značajno na eksplozivnost, ali može pozitivno djelovati na aspekte mišićne izdržljivosti, posebice u repetitivnim i izometričkim naporima. Ovi nalazi mogu biti korisni sportašima, trenerima i stručnjacima koji se bave planiranjem prehrane i opterećenja u sportskom kontekstu.The aim of this thesis was to examine the acute impact of a 24-hour fast on three different aspects of motor function: lower-body explosiveness, lower-body muscular endurance in the context of explosiveness, and upper-body muscular endurance. The research was conducted on a sample of recreationally active participants (age: 25,1 ± 3.5 years; height: 184,7 ± 6,0cm; weight: 88,3 ± 11,3kg) who took part in two test sessions - one in a non-fasted state and the other after a 24-hour fast. Explosiveness was measured using the countermovement jump (CMJ) test, while muscular endurance in the context of explosiveness was assessed using the repeated countermovement jump (RCMJ) test. General muscular endurance was evaluated by the maximum number of push-ups performed to failure at a set tempo via metronome. The results show that a 24-hour fast did not have a statistically significant negative effect on the height of individual CMJ jumps, indicating that acute fasting of this kind does not impair lower-body explosive capacity. However, in the repeated CMJ test, a slight decline in results was observed after fasting, which may indicate reduced muscular endurance in the context of repeated explosive activity. An improvement in performance was recorded in the number of push-ups performed to failure, suggesting that a 24-hour fast may have a positive effect on muscular endurance, particularly in the upper body. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that short-term fasting does not significantly affect explosiveness but may positively impact aspects of muscular endurance, especially during repetitive and isometric efforts. These findings may be useful to athletes, coaches, and professionals involved in nutrition and training planning in a sports context

Running Performance of Elite U17 Soccer Players: Gender and Positional Differences : Master's Thesis

Cilj ove studije bio je ispitati trkačke performanse između muških i ženskih elitnih mladih nogometaša, kao i analizirati razlike na temelju njihovih pozicija na terenu. Rezultati su pokazali da su muški igrači pretrčali veću udaljenost tijekom utakmice i zabilježili više ubrzanja i usporavanja u usporedbi sa ženama. U smislu analize pozicija, ženske napadačice zabilježile su najbolje performanse u sprintu, maksimalnoj brzini i broju sprintova u usporedbi s drugim pozicijama. Dodatno, muški napadači pokazali su najveće vrijednosti u ukupnoj udaljenosti i udaljenosti po minuti, pri čemu su obje ove varijable izravno povezane s fizičkim opterećenjem. Ovi nalazi pružaju uvid u razlike u trkačkim performansama između muških i ženskih igrača te među različitim pozicijama na terenu.The aim of this study was to examine running performances between male and female elite youth football players, as well to analyze the differences based on their playing positions. The results showed that male players covered more distance during a game and recorded more accelerations and decelerations compared to the females. In terms of positional analysis, female forward players recorded the highest performance in sprint distance, max speed and number of sprints compared to other playing positions. Additionally, male forwards showed the highest values in total distance and distance per minute, with both of these variables related directly to physical workload. These findings provide insight into running performance differences between male and female players and across different playing positions

The Impact of Strength and Power Training on Performance in Long-Distance Runners : Undergraduate Thesis

Jedna od atletskih trkačkih disciplina, trčanje na duge pruge zahtijeva visoku razinu aerobne izdržljivosti i anaerobnih sposobnosti, dobro razvijenu osnovnu brzinu, maksimalnu jakost i snagu. U poglavlju o trčanju na duge pruge predstavljaju se čimbenici koji utječu na sportsku uspješnost poput tehnike trčanja i fizioloških zahtjeva. Treće poglavlje daje pregled o najprikladnijim metodama treninga jakosti i snage za dugoprugaše kao što su trening maksimalne jakosti, pliometrijski trening i kontrast trening. Utjecaj treninga jakosti i snage na trčanje na duge pruge, detaljnije je razmotren u četvrtom poglavlju. U tijeku ovoga rada se razmatraju različite metode treninga jakosti i snage. Naročito adekvatno integrirani treninzi maksimalne jakosti i pliometrijske snage mogu imati pozitivan utjecaj na uspješnost kod trčanja na duge pruge. Dok s jedne strane imaju potencijal za poboljšane sportske performanse radi više ekonomičnosti trčanja i pozitivnog utjecaja na izdržljivost i sposobnost generiranja eksplozivne sile, s druge strane dodatno povećavaju otpornost pasivnih struktura te smanjuju rizik od ozljeda. Pliometrijsku snagu moguće je razviti unutar sport-specifičnih trkačkih treninga, dok je za razvoj maksimalne jakosti poželjna zastupljenost ciljanih kondicijskih treninga s odgovarajućim teškim opterećenjem. Praktična metoda treninga koja ujedno razvija maksimalnu jakost i pliometrijsku snagu za poboljšanje sportskih performansi kod trčanja na duge pruge predstavlja takozvani kontrast trening. Kontrast trening kombinira vježbe maksimalne jakosti s pliometrijskim vježbama eksplozivne snage za iskorištavanje post-aktivacijskog potencijala mišića za još veće moguće generiranje sile. Zaključuje je se što je upravo to pretvaranje maksimalne jakosti u brzinu efikasno za poboljšanje performansi dugoprugaša.As one of the athletics disciplines, long-distance running requires a high level of aerobic endurance and anaerobic capacity, well-developed basic speed, maximum strength and power. The chapter on long-distance running presents factors that influence sports performance, such as running technique and physiological demands. The third chapter provides an overview of the most suitable methods of strength and power training for long-distance runners, such as maxi-mum strength training, plyometric training and contrast training. The influence of strength and power training on long-distance running is discussed in more detail in the fourth chapter. In the course of this work, different methods of strength and power training are considered. Especially adequately integrated maximum strength and plyometric strength training can have a positive impact on long-distance running performance. While on the one hand they have the potential for improved sports performance due to more economical running and a positive impact on endurance and the ability to generate explosive force, on the other hand they additionally in-crease the resistance of passive structures and reduce the risk of injuries. It is possible to develop plyometric strength within sport-specific running training, while for the development of maxi-mum strength it is desirable to include targeted strength and conditioning training with appropriate heavy loads. A practical training method that simultaneously develops maximum strength and plyometric power to improve sports performance in long-distance running is the so-called contrast training. Contrast training combines maximal strength exercises with plyometric exercises of explosive strength to use the post-activation potential of the muscles for even greater possible force generation. It is concluded that this conversion of maximum strength into speed is effective for improving the performance of long-distance runners

Differences in Specific Dimensions of the Anthropological Status of Young Athletes and Non-Athletes in the City of Sinj : Master's Thesis

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati razlike pojedinih dimenzija antropološkog statusa mladih sportaša i nesportaša u gradu Sinju. Antropološki status podijeljen je na antropometrijske karakteristike te motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti. Uzorak ispitanika se sastojao od 66 dječaka s područja grada Sinja od kojih je 18 nesportaša zatim 17 dječaka iz košarkaškog kluba Alkar, 12 članova nogometnog kluba Junak, 10 rukometaša iz rukometnog kluba Kamičak i 10 dječaka iz ragbi kluba Sinj. Provedena su mjerenja i testiranja u različitim varijablama. Ukupan broj varijabli iznosi 11, od čega ih 6 ubrajamo u antropometrijske karakteristike, a to su: tjelesna visina (ATV), sjedeća visina (ASV), tjelesna masa (ATM), postotak tjelesne masti (ABF), postotak skeletne mišićne mase (ASMS), indeks tjelesne mase (BMI). Varijable motoričke sposobnosti su: skok u dalj s mjesta (MSD), sargent test (MSV), sprint 20m (T20m), 20yard test (20Y), te funkcionalne sposobnosti Yo-Yo promjenjivi test s odmorima. Izračunati su deskriptivni pokazatelji za cjelokupni uzorak. Za utvrđivanje razlika između promatranih grupa korištena je analiza varijance (ANOVA) i Fischer LSD (Least Significant Difference) post hoc testa za varijable. Rezultati pokazuju da postoji statistički značajna razlika između mladih Sinjskih sportaša navedenih klubova i nesportaša, također i između samih sportova. Nogometaši su postigli najbolje rezultate u navedenim testovima dok su nesportaši pokazali slabije razvijene motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti.The primary aim of this research was to analyze the differences in specific dimensions of the anthropological status of young athletes and non-athletes in the city of Sinj. The anthropological status was divided into anthropometric characteristics, motor abilities, and functional capacities. The sample consisted of 66 boys from the area of Sinj, including 18 non-athletes, 17 boys from the Alkar basketball club, 12 members of the Junak football club, 10 handball players from the Kamičak handball club, and 10 boys from the Sinj rugby club. Measurements and tests were conducted across various variables. A total of 11 variables were included, of which 6 are classified as anthropometric characteristics: body height (ATV), sitting height (ASV), body weight (ATM), body fat percentage (ABF), skeletal muscle mass percentage (ASMS), and body mass index (BMI). Motor ability variables included: standing long jump (MSD), Sargent jump test (MSV), 20-meter sprint (T20m), 20-yard test (20Y), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test for functional capacities. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the entire sample. To determine the differences between the observed groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, along with the Fisher LSD (Least Significant Difference) post hoc test. The results show a statistically significant difference between young athletes from the mentioned clubs in Sinj and non-athletes, as well as between the different sports disciplines. Football players achieved the best results in the listed tests, while non-athletes demonstrated less developed motor and functional abilities

Morfološke karakteristike i somatotip mladih elitnih nogometaša : diplomski rad

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je prikazati morfološke karakteristike i utvrditi razlike u somatotipu između mladih nogometaša različitih dobnih kategorija (U11, U15 i U17). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 116 mladih hrvatskih nogometaša. Mjerena je tjelesna visina i tjelesna masa. Debljina kožnog nabora mjerena je na četiri topološke regije tijela: triceps, subskapularno, abdominalno i potkoljenica, pomoću kalipera za kožne nabore. Opseg nadlaktice i potkoljenice mjereni su pomoću mjerne vrpce. Dva dijametra (u centimetrima) mjerena su pomoću Vitruvijevog kalipera: biepikondilarna humerusa i biepikondilarna femura. Izračunate su tri komponente somatotipa: endomorfija, mezomorfija i ektomorfija. Igrači U17 pokazali su se najvišima, najmasivnijima i imali su najviše prosječne vrijednosti u mjerenjima tjelesnih dijametara i opsega. Uočen je pad mezomorfne komponente kroz dobne skupine (4,06 za U11, 3,94 za U15 i 3,61 za U17, p<0,01). Istovremeno, ektomorfna komponente značajno je diskriminirala U11 i U15/U17 generaciju (3,01 naspram 4,01/3,47). Endomorfna komponenta nije značajno diskriminirala skupine. Prosječni somatotip različitih dobnih skupina bio je: 2,55–4,06–3,01 (U11), 2,48–3,94–4,02 (U15) i 2,33–3,61–3,91 (U17). Treneri i stručni tim moraju biti vrlo oprezni prilikom odabira i selekcije pojedinih igrača, jer je proces rasta i sazrijevanja složen i dugotrajan, što otežava procjenu njihovog sportskog potencijala na temelju prvih mjerenja.The main aim of this research was to present morphological characteristics and determine differences in somatotype components among young soccer players of different age categories (U11, U15, and U17). A total of 116 young Croatian soccer players participated in the study. Body height and weight were measured. Skinfold thickness was assessed at four sites: triceps, subscapular, abdominal, and lower leg, using skinfold calipers. Upper arm and lower leg circumferences were measured using a tape measure. Two diameters (in centimeters) were measured using a Vitruvian caliper: biepicondylar diameter of the humerus and the biepicondylar diameter of the femur. Three somatotype components endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy were calculated. U17 players were found to be the tallest, heaviest, and had the highest average values in body diameters and circumferences. A decrease in the mesomorphic component was observed across age groups (4.06 for U11, 3.94 for U15, and 3.61 for U17, p<0.01). At the same time, the ectomorphic component showed significant differences between U11 and U15/U17 (3.01 vs. 4.01/3.47). The endomorphic component did not show significant differences between categories. The average somatotype of the different age groups was: 2.55–4.06–3.01 (U11), 2.48–3.94–4.02 (U15), and 2.33–3.61–3.91 (U17). Coaches and the professional team must be cautious when selecting individual players, as the process of growth and maturation is complex and long-lasting, which complicates the assessment of their sporting potential based on initial measurements

Martial Sports as a Segment of Training for Special Forces Members of the Republic of Croatia : Graduate Thesis

Kada govorimo o specijalnim postrojbama policije i vojske, prvi pojmovi kineziologije koji se nameću su sposobnosti poput izdržljivosti, snage, jakosti, psihofizičke spremnosti i intenzivan trening. U tom okviru, borilački sportovi predstavljaju nezaobilazan segment kondicijske i funkcionalne pripreme pripadnika specijalnih snaga. Njihova svrha ne ogleda se isključivo u usavršavanju borbenih vještina, već i u razvoju ključnih motoričkih sposobnosti poput snage, brzine, agilnosti, te aerobne i anaerobne izdržljivosti. Borilački sport, kao dio treninga, značajno doprinosi razvoju mentalne otpornosti, kontrole stresa te brzog i odlučnog djelovanja u iznimno zahtjevnim i stresnim situacijama. Upravo te karakteristike čine ga idealnim sredstvom za oblikovanje psihofizičkog profila potrebnog za obavljanje specijalnih zadaća. S obzirom na sličnosti između priprema vrhunskih sportaša i pripadnika specijalnih snaga, jasno je da se i borilački sportovi provode po načelima sportske znanosti i metodologije treninga. U svakodnevnom radu specijalnih postrojbi Republike Hrvatske, borilačke discipline tako čine važan funkcionalni alat za postizanje optimalne kondicijske i borbene spremnosti. Konačan cilj ovakvog pristupa je razvoj potpuno osposobljenog pojedinca - fizički i mentalno spremnog za sve izazove službe.In the context of police and military special units, the primary kinesiology concepts that come to mind are endurance, strength, psychophysical readiness, and intensive training. Within this framework, martial arts represent an indispensable segment of the physical conditioning and functional preparation of special forces members. Their purpose is not solely reflected in the improvement of combat skills but also in the development of key motor abilities such as strength, speed, agility, as well as aerobic and anaerobic endurance. Martial arts, as part of the training regimen, significantly contribute to the development of mental resilience, stress control, and quick, decisive action in highly demanding and stressful situations. These characteristics make them an ideal tool for shaping the psychophysical profile required to perform special tasks. Considering the similarities between the training of elite athletes and special forces personnel, it is clear that martial arts are conducted according to the principles of sports science and training methodology. In the daily work of the special units of the Republic of Croatia, martial disciplines thus constitute an important functional tool for achieving optimal physical conditioning and combat readiness. The ultimate goal of this approach is the development of a fully capable individual - physically and mentally prepared for all the challenges of service

History, Present and Future of Sports Recreation : Graduate Thesis

Ovaj rad istražuje povijest, sadašnjost i budućnost sportske rekreacije, analizirajući njezin utjecaj na fizičko i mentalno zdravlje, društvenu interakciju te opću kvalitetu života. Povijest sportske rekreacije pokazuje kako su tjelesne aktivnosti prošle kroz različite faze počevši od ritualnih i vojnih aktivnosti u starim civilizacijama do modernih oblika rekreativnih programa prilagođenih širokoj populaciji. U današnje vrijeme, sportska rekreacija igra ključnu ulogu u održavanju zdravlja, borbi protiv stresa i promicanju timskog rada. S obzirom na sve veću digitalizaciju i promjene u životnim navikama, očekuje se da će sportska rekreacija u budućnosti postati još pristupačnija, prilagodljivija i inkluzivnija, koristeći napredne tehnologije za prilagođene programe. Ova analiza daje uvid u značaj sportske rekreacije te smjernice za njezin budući razvoj.This thesis explores the history, present, and future of sports recreation, analyzing its impact on physical and mental health, social interaction, and overall quality of life. The history of sports recreation shows how physical activities have evolved from ritualistic and military functions in ancient civilizations to modern recreational programs tailored to the general population. Today, sports recreation plays a vital role in maintaining health, combating stress, and promoting teamwork. With increasing digitalization and changes in lifestyle habits, it is expected that future sports recreation will become more accessible, adaptable, and inclusive, utilizing advanced technologies for personalized programs. This analysis provides insight into the importance of sports recreation and outlines directions for its future development

Measuring Motor Ability in People With Developmental Disabilities : Graduate Thesis

U ovom radu su opisane motoričke sposobnosti, koje se odnose na sposobnost tijela da učinkovito i precizno izvršava različite pokrete, te različiti testovi koji procjenjuju motoričke sposobnosti kod osoba s teškoćama u razvoju. Naglašena je važnost sustavne procjene koja omogućava identifikaciju jakih i slabih strana motoričkog funkcioniranja kod pojedinca. Opisano je sedam testova koji omogućuju stručnjacima da objektivno procijene sposobnosti pojedinca, identificiraju područja koja trebaju poboljšanje te naprave individualizirane, osobi usmjerene intervencije koje imaju za cilj unaprijediti navedene sposobnosti. Mjerenje motoričkih sposobnosti predstavlja ključnu komponentu u rehabilitaciji i unapređenju kvalitete života, nudeći objektivne podatke koji informiraju o napretku i prilagodbi terapijskih planova. Rezultati mjerenja ne samo da optimiziraju metodološke pristupe, već također potiču samopouzdanje i samostalnost osoba s teškoćama, što je od suštinskog značaja za njihovu integraciju u društvo.This paper describes motor abilities, which refer to the body's capacity to efficiently and accurately perform various movements, and different tests used to assess motor abilities in individuals with developmental disabilities. The importance of systematic assessment is emphasized, as it enables the identification of both strengths and weaknesses in an individual's motor functioning. Seven tests are described, allowing professionals to objectively evaluate an individual's abilities, identify areas for improvement, and develop individualized, person-centered interventions to enhance these abilities. Measuring motor abilities is a key component of rehabilitation and quality of life improvement, providing objective data that informs progress and adjustments to therapeutic plans. The results of these assessments not only optimize methodological approaches but also foster self-confidence and independence in individuals with disabilities, which is essential for their integration into society