Climate Effects and Feedback Structure Determining Weed Population Dynamics in a Long-Term Experiment

Pest control is one of the areas in which population dynamic theory has been successfully applied to solve practical problems. However, the links between population dynamic theory and model construction have been less emphasized in the management and control of weed populations. Most management models of weed population dynamics have emphasized the role of the endogenous process, but the role of exogenous variables such as climate have been ignored in the study of weed populations and their management. Here, we use long-term data (22 years) on two annual weed species from a locality in Central Spain to determine the importance of endogenous and exogenous processes (local and large-scale climate factors). Our modeling study determined two different feedback structures and climate effects in the two weed species analyzed. While Descurainia sophia exhibited a second-order feedback and low climate influence, Veronica hederifolia was characterized by a first-order feedback structure and important effects from temperature and rainfall. Our results strongly suggest the importance of theoretical population dynamics in understanding plant population systems. Moreover, the use of this approach, discerning between the effect of exogenous and endogenous factors, can be fundamental to applying weed management practices in agricultural systems and to controlling invasive weedy species. This is a radical change from most approaches currently used to guide weed and invasive weedy species managements

Conventional microscopy versus FISH in the identification and quantification of the morphotypes 0803, 0914 and 0092 in activated sludges

[ES] El crecimiento excesivo de bacterias filamentosas en fangos activos origina problemas de explotación en las estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales (EDAR). Por ello, su identificación y cuantificación correcta es primordial en el control del proceso de las EDAR. Algunas bacterias filamentosas que pertenecen al phylum Chloroflexi son muy comunes y abundantes en las EDAR urbanas e industriales, como por ejemplo los morfotipos 0803, 0914 y 0092. Debido a la escasa especificidad de la microscopía convencional se pueden producir, en algunas ocasiones, errores en la identificación y cuantificación de bacterias filamentosas. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la abundancia de los morfotipos 0803, 0092 y 0914 obtenida con la microscopía convencional y la técnica de hibridación in situ con sondas marcadas con fluoróforos (FISH) en muestras procedentes de 4 EDAR. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido establecer que existen diferencias significativas al comparar los resultados de identificación y cuantificación entre ambas técnicas. Además, la técnica FISH permitio diferenciar los morfotipos 0914 y 0803.[EN] Excessive growth of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) causes serious operational problems. Therefore, their identification and quantification is essential in the process control. Some filamentous bacteria that belong to the phylum Chloroflexi are very common and abundant in urban and industrial WWTP, as for example the morphotypes 0803, 0914 and 0092. Due to the low specificity of conventional microscopy, occasionally may produce errors in the identification and quantification of filamentous bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the abundance of morphotypes 0803, 0092 and 0914 obtained by conventional microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization using 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides (FISH) in samples from four WWTP. The results have established that there are significant differences when comparing the results of identification and quantification between both techniques. Besides, the FISH technique allowed differentiate the morphotypes 0914 and 0803.Este estudio forma parte del proyecto de investigación 'Estudio integrado del proceso de fangos activos', financiado por la Entidad Pública de Saneamiento de Aguas Residuales de la Comunidad Valenciana (EPSAR). Agradecer la colaboración de las empresas de explotación AVSAEgevasa, DAM, Facsa, OMS-Sacede y del Subprograma MICINN PTA-2011.Andujar Gonzalez, AB.; Zornoza-Zornoza, AM.; Lledías Aparici, M.; Alonso Molina, JL. (2013). Microscopía convencional versus FISH en la identificación y abundancia de los morfotipos filamentosos 0803, 0914 y 0092 en fangos activos. Tecnoaqua. 4:70-79. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/98065S7079

Grain quality as Influenced by the structural properties of weed communities in Mediterranean wheat crops

Weed community structure, including composition, taxonomic and functional diversity, may explain variability in crop quality, adding to the variability accounted by management, climatic and genetic factors. Focusing on Mediterranean rainfed wheat crops, we sampled weed communities from 26 fields in Spain that were either organically or conventionally managed. Weed communities were characterized by their abundance and taxonomic, compositional and trait-based measures. Grain protein concentration and the glutenin to gliadin ratio were used as indicators of wheat grain quality. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the relationship between crop quality and weed community variables, while accounting for environmental factors. Nitrogen fertilization, previous crop and precipitation explained a large portion of the variation in wheat grain protein concentration (R2marginal = 0.39) and composition (R2marginal = 0.26). Weed community measures had limited effects on grain quality (increasing R2marginal of models by 1% on average). The weed effects were related to the composition and the functional structure of their communities, but not to their abundance. Environmental conditions promoting higher protein concentration were also selecting for weed species with competitive attributes, whereas the role of weed functional diversity depended on the functional trait and on the resource limiting crop grain quality. Understanding the mechanisms of weed effects on crop quality could aid on designing sustainable weed management practices.This research was supported by grants AGL2012-33736 and AGL2015-64130-R funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. D.J.G. was partially supported by the United States National Science Foundation (DUE 1758497 and DUE 1949969)Postprint (published version

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

The influence of landscape simplification on weed traits in Mediterranean cereal field boundaries

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Acceleration of the DNA methylation clock among lynch syndrome-associated mutation carriers.

DNA methylation (DNAm) age metrics have been widely accepted as an epigenetic biomarker for biological aging and disease. The purpose of this study is to assess whether or not individuals carrying Lynch Syndrome-associated mutations are affected in their rate of biological aging, as measured by the epigenetic clock. Genome-wide bisulfite DNA sequencing data were generated using DNA from CD4 + T-cells obtained from peripheral blood using 27 patient samples from Lynch syndrome families. Horvath's DNAm age model based on penalized linear regression was applied to estimate DNAm age from patient samples with distinct clinical and genetic characteristics to investigate cancer mutation-related aging effects. Both Lynch mutation carriers and controls exhibited high variability in their estimated DNAm age, but regression analysis showed steeper slope for the Lynch mutation carriers. Remarkably, six Lynch Syndrome-associated mutation carriers showed a strong correlation to the control group, and two sisters carrying Lynch Syndrome-associated mutations, with no significant difference in lifestyle and similar chronological age, were assigned very different DNAm age. Future studies will be required to explore, in larger patient populations, whether specific epigenetic age acceleration is predictive of time-to-cancer development, treatment response, and survival. Epigenetic clock DNAm metrics may be affected by the presence of cancer mutations in the germline, and thus show promise of potential clinical utility for stratified surveillance strategies based on the relative risk for imminent emergence of tumor lesions in otherwise healthy Lynch Syndrome-associated mutation carriers